Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

William M. Detmer, MD, supported by the Unbound Medicine Team

Updated: September 21, 2022

COVID-19 History

  • In late 2019, a new coronavirus – not seen previously in humans – was identified as the cause of human illness in Wuhan, China and given the name "novel coronavirus" (2019-nCoV).
  • By late January 2020, the outbreak was declared a public health emergency of international concern by WHO and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[1],[2]
  • By mid February 2020, the virus was renamed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease it causes was named COVID-19.[3]
  • in March 2020, the outbreak was categorized as a pandemic by WHO.[4]

NIH COVID-19 Treatment Panel

  • Recommendation summaries in this topic are provided by the NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel.[5]
  • Each recommendation includes 2 ratings, as shown below in the table. An uppercase letter (A, B, or C) that indicates the strength of the recommendation and a Roman numeral with or without a lowercase letter (I, IIa, IIb, or III) that indicates the quality of the evidence that supports the recommendation.

Recommendation Rating Scheme

Strength of Recommendation

Quality of Evidence for Recommendation

  1. Strong recommendation for the statement
  2. Moderate recommendation for the statement
  3. Optional recommendation for the statement

  1. One or more randomized trials without major limitations
    1. Other randomized trials or subgroup analyses of randomized trials
    2. Nonrandomized trials or observational cohort studies
  3. Expert opinion

Adults with COVID-19

Nonhospitalized Adults

  • Several therapeutic options are now available to treat nonhospitalized adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of disease progression.[5]
  • Several factors affect the selection of the best treatment option for a specific patient. These factors include the clinical efficacy and availability of the treatment option, the feasibility of administering parenteral medications (i.e., remdesivir), the potential for significant drug-drug interactions (e.g., those associated with the use of ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir [Paxlovid]), and the regional prevalence of variants of concern (e.g., the regional prevalence of the Omicron BA.2 subvariant may affect which anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies [mAbs] can be used for treatment).
  • Details on each therapeutic agent can be found below this section.[5]
Therapeutic Management of Nonhospitalized Adults with COVID-19

Patient Disposition

Panel’s Recommendations

Does Not Require Hospitalization or Supplemental Oxygen

For All Patients:

  • All patients should be offered symptomatic management (AIII).
  • The Panel recommends against the use of dexamethasonea or other systemic corticosteroids in the absence of another indication (AIIb).
For Patients Who Are at High Risk of Progressing to Severe COVID-19b
Preferred therapies. Listed in order of preference:
  • Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid)c,d (AIIa)
  • Remdesivird,e (BIIa)
Alternative therapies. For use ONLY when neither of the preferred therapies are available, feasible to use, or clinically appropriate. Listed in alphabetical order:
  • Bebtelovimaf (CIII)
  • Molnupiravird,g (CIIa)

Discharged From Hospital Inpatient Setting in Stable Condition and Does Not Require Supplemental Oxygen

The Panel recommends against continuing the use of remdesivir (AIIa), dexamethasonea (AIIa), or baricitinib (AIIa) after hospital discharge.

Discharged From Hospital Inpatient Setting and Requires Supplemental Oxygen
For those who are stable enough for discharge but still require oxygenh

There is insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against the continued use of remdesivir or dexamethasone.

Discharged From ED Despite New or Increasing Need for Supplemental Oxygen
When hospital resources are limited, inpatient admission is not possible, and close follow-up is ensuredi

The Panel recommends using dexamethasone 6 mg PO once daily for the duration of supplemental oxygen (dexamethasone use should not exceed 10 days) with careful monitoring for AEs (BIII).

Because remdesivir is recommended for patients with similar oxygen needs who are hospitalized,j clinicians may consider using it in this setting. As remdesivir requires IV infusions for up to 5 consecutive days, there may be logistical constraints to administering remdesivir in the outpatient setting.

Rating of Recommendations: A = Strong; B = Moderate; C = Weak
Rating of Evidence: I = One or more randomized trials without major limitations; IIa = Other randomized trials or subgroup analyses of randomized trials; IIb = Nonrandomized trials or observational cohort studies; III = Expert opinion

a There is currently a lack of safety and efficacy data on the use of dexamethasone in outpatients with COVID-19. Using systemic glucocorticoids in this setting may cause harm.

b For a list of risk factors, see the CDC webpage Underlying Medical Conditions Associated With Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19.

c Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir has significant drug-drug interactions. Clinicians should carefully review a patient’s concomitant medications and evaluate potential drug-drug interactions. See Drug-Drug Interactions Between Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) and Concomitant Medications for more information.

d If a patient requires hospitalization after starting treatment, the full treatment course can be completed at the health care provider’s discretion.

e Administration of remdesivir requires 3 consecutive days of IV infusion.

f Bebtelovimab is active in vitro against all circulating Omicron subvariants, but there are no clinical efficacy data from placebo-controlled trials that evaluated the use of bebtelovimab in patients who are at high risk of progressing to severe COVID-19. Therefore, bebtelovimab should be used only when the preferred treatment options are not available, feasible to use, or clinically appropriate.

g Molnupiravir has lower efficacy than the preferred treatment options. Therefore, it should be used only when the preferred options are not available, feasible to use, or clinically appropriate.

h These individuals should receive oximetry monitoring and close follow-up through telehealth, visiting nurse services, or in-person visits.

i Provide an advanced level of home care, including supplemental oxygen (whether patients are receiving oxygen for the first time or are increasing their baseline oxygen requirements), pulse oximetry, laboratory monitoring, and close follow-up through telehealth, visiting nurse services, or in-person visits.

j See Therapeutic Management of Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19.

Key: AE = adverse event; CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; ED = emergency department; IV = intravenous; the Panel = the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel; PO = orally

Source: NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel[5]

Dosing Regimens for Nonhospitalized Adults with COVID-19

Drug Name

Dosing Regimen

Time From Symptom Onseta

Ritonavir-Boosted Nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid)

eGFR ≥60 mL/min:

  • Nirmatrelvir 300 mg with Ritonavir 100 mg PO twice daily for 5 days
eGFR ≥30 to < 60 mL/min:
  • Nirmatrelvir 150 mg with Ritonavir 100 mg PO twice daily for 5 days
eGFR < 30 mL/min:
  • Not recommended
Severe Hepatic Impairment (Child-Pugh Class C):
  • Not recommended

≤5 days

Remdesivir (RDV)

RDV 200 mg IV on Day 1, followed by RDV 100 mg IV once daily on Days 2 and 3.b,c Each infusion should be administered over 30–120 minutes. Patients should be observed for ≥1 hour after infusion as clinically appropriate.

≤7 days

Bebtelovimab (BEB)

BEB 175 mg as a single IV injection, administered over ≥30 seconds. Patients should be observed for ≥1 hour after injection.

≤7 days

Molnupiravir

Molnupiravir 800 mg PO twice daily for 5 days

≤5 days

a Per EUA criteria or clinical trial entry criteria.

b See the Remdesivir section for a discussion of RDV use in patients with renal impairment.

c If RDV is administered to patients who have a new or increasing need for supplemental oxygen but who are discharged from the ED because hospital resources are limited and inpatient admission is not possible, the total duration of therapy is ≤5 days.

Key: BEB = bebtelovimab; ED = emergency department; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; EUA = Emergency Use Authorization; IV = intravenous; PO = orally; RDV = remdesivir; RTV = ritonavir

Source: NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel[5]

Hospitalized Adults

  • The NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel recommends the following strategies for managing hospitalized patients with different severities of disease.[5]
  • Details on each therapeutic agent can be found below this section.
Therapeutic Management of Adults Hospitalized for COVID-19 Based on Disease Severity

Disease Severity

Therapy Recommendations for Antiviral or Immunomodulator

Recommendations for Anticoagulant Therapy

Clinical Scenario

Recommendation

Hospitalized for Reasons Other Than COVID-19

Patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 who are at high risk of progressing to severe COVID-19a

See Therapeutic Management of Nonhospitalized Adults With COVID-19.

For patients without an indication for therapeutic anticoagulation:

  • Prophylactic dose of heparin, unless contraindicated (AI); (BIII) for pregnant patients

Hospitalized but Does Not Require Oxygen Supplementation

All patients

The Panel recommends against the use of dexamethasone (AIIa) or other systemic corticosteroids (AIII) for the treatment of COVID-19.b

Patients who are at high risk of progressing to severe COVID-19a

Remdesivirc (BIII)

Hospitalized and Requires Conventional Oxygend

Patients who require minimal conventional oxygen

Remdesivire (BIIa)

For nonpregnant patients with D-dimer levels above the ULN who do not have an increased bleeding risk:

  • Therapeutic dose of heparing (CIIa)
For other patients:
  • Prophylactic dose of heparin, unless contraindicated (AI); (BIII) for pregnant patients

Most patients

Use dexamethasone plus remdesivire (BIIa). If remdesivir cannot be obtained, use dexamethasone (BI).

Patients who are receiving dexamethasone and who have rapidly increasing oxygen needs and systemic inflammation

Add PO baricitinibf or IV tocilizumabf to 1 of the options above (BIIa).

Hospitalized and Requires HFNC Oxygen or NIV

Most patients

Promptly start 1 of the following, if not already initiated:

  • Dexamethasone plus PO baricitinibf (AI)
  • Dexamethasone plus IV tocilizumabf (BIIa)
If baricitinib, tofacitinib, tocilizumab, or sarilumab cannot be obtained:
  • Dexamethasoneh (AI)
Add remdesivir to 1 of the options above in certain patients (CIIa ).i

For patients without an indication for therapeutic anticoagulation:

  • Prophylactic dose of heparin, unless contraindicated (AI); (BIII) for pregnant patients
For patients who are started on a therapeutic dose of heparin in a non-ICU setting and then transferred to the ICU, the Panel recommends switching to a prophylactic dose of heparin, unless there is another indication for therapeutic anticoagulation (BIII ).

Hospitalized and Requires MV or ECMO

Most patients

Promptly start 1 of the following, if not already initiated:

  • Dexamethasone plus PO baricitinibf (BIIa)
  • Dexamethasone plus IV tocilizumabf (BIIa)
If baricitinib, tofacitinib, tocilizumab, or sarilumab cannot be obtained:
  • Dexamethasoneh (AI)

Rating of Recommendations: A = Strong; B = Moderate; C = Weak
Rating of Evidence: I = One or more randomized trials without major limitations; IIa = Other randomized trials or subgroup analyses of randomized trials; IIb = Nonrandomized trials or observational cohort studies; III = Expert opinion

a For a list of risk factors, see the CDC webpage Underlying Medical Conditions Associated With Higher Risk for Severe COVID-19.

b Corticosteroids that are prescribed for an underlying condition should be continued.

c Evidence suggests that the benefit of remdesivir is greatest when the drug is given early in the course of COVID-19 (e.g., within 10 days of symptom onset).

d Conventional oxygen refers to oxygen supplementation that is not HFNC oxygen, NIV, MV, or ECMO.

e If these patients progress to requiring HFNC oxygen, NIV, MV, or ECMO, the full course of remdesivir should still be completed.

f If PO baricitinib and IV tocilizumab are not available or not feasible to use, PO tofacitinib can be used instead of PO baricitinib (BIIa), and IV sarilumab can be used instead of IV tocilizumab (BIIa).

g Contraindications for the use of therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with COVID-19 include a platelet count < 50 x 109/L, Hgb < 8 g/dL, the need for dual antiplatelet therapy, bleeding within the past 30 days that required an ED visit or hospitalization, a history of a bleeding disorder, or an inherited or active acquired bleeding disorder.

h If a JAK inhibitor or an anti-IL-6 receptor mAb is not readily available, start dexamethasone while waiting for the additional immunomodulator to be acquired. If neither of the other immunomodulators can be obtained, use dexamethasone alone.

i Clinicians may consider adding remdesivir to 1 of the recommended immunomodulator combinations in patients who require HFNC oxygen or NIV, including immunocompromised patients. The Panel recommends against the use of remdesivir without immunomodulators in these patients (AIIa).

Key: CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ED = emergency department; HFNC = high-flow nasal cannula; Hgb = hemoglobin; ICU = intensive care unit; IL = interleukin; IV = intravenous; JAK = Janus kinase; mAb = monoclonal antibody; MV = mechanical ventilation; NIV = noninvasive ventilation; the Panel = the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel; PO = oral; ULN = upper limit of normal

Source: NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel[5]
Dosing Regimens for Adults Hospitalized for COVID-19

Drug Name

Dosing Regimen

Comments

Baricitinib (BAR)

Baricitinib dose is dependent on eGFR; duration of therapy is up to 14 days or until hospital discharge.

  • eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2: Baricitinib 4 mg PO once daily
  • eGFR 30 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2: Baricitinib 2 mg PO once daily
  • eGFR 15 to < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2: Baricitinib 1 mg PO once daily
  • eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2: Baricitinib is not recommended.

Dexamethasone (DEX)

DEX 6 mg IV or PO once daily for up to 10 days or until hospital discharge.

  • If DEX is not available, an equivalent dose of another corticosteroid may be used.
  • For more information, see Corticosteroids.

Heparin

Therapeutic dose of SUBQ LMWH or IV UFH

  • Administer for 14 days or until hospital discharge (whichever comes first) unless there is a diagnosis of VTE or another indication for therapeutic anticoagulation.

Prophylactic dose of SUBQ LMWH or SUBQ UFH

  • Administer for the duration of the hospital stay.

Remdesivir (RDV)

RDV 200 mg IV once, then RDV 100 mg IV once daily for 4 days or until hospital discharge (whichever comes first)

Sarilumab

Use the single-dose, prefilled syringe (not the prefilled pen) for SQ injection. Reconstitute sarilumab 400 mg in 100 cc 0.9% NaCl and administer as an IV infusion over 1 hour.

  • Use if BAR or tocilizumab is not available or not feasible to use (BIIa).
  • In the United States, the currently approved route of administration for sarilumab is SUBQ injection. In the REMAP-CAP trial, the SUBQ formulation was used to prepare the IV infusion.

Tocilizumab

Tocilizumab 8 mg/kg actual body weight (up to 800 mg) administered as a single IV dose.

  • In clinical trials, a third of the participants received a second dose of tocilizumab 8 hours after the first dose if no clinical improvement was observed.

Tofacitinib

Tofacitinib 10 mg PO twice daily for up to 14 days or until hospital discharge (whichever comes first)

  • Use if BAR or tocilizumab is not available or not feasible to use (BIIa).
  • eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2: Tofacitinib 5 mg PO twice daily

Key: BAR = baricitinib; DEX = dexamethasone; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; IV = intravenous; LMWH = low-molecular-weight heparin; NaCl = sodium chloride; PO = oral; RDV = remdesivir; SUBQ = subcutaneous; UFH = unfractionated heparin; VTE = venous thromboembolism

Source: NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel[5]

Children with COVID-19

Nonhospitalized Children

  • Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention demonstrate a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe disease, and death in children compared with adults.
  • Although only a small percentage of children with COVID-19 will require medical attention, the percentage of intensive care unit admissions among hospitalized children is comparable to the percentage among hospitalized adults with COVID-19.
  • There are no results available from clinical trials that evaluated treatments for COVID-19 in children, and data from observational studies are limited.
  • In the absence of sufficient clinical trial data on the treatment of children with COVID-19, the NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel’s recommendations for the therapeutic management of children[5] are based largely on adult safety and efficacy data from clinical trials, the child’s risk of disease progression, and expert opinion.
Therapeutic Management of Nonhospitalized Children With COVID-19

Patient Disposition

Panel’s Recommendations

Aged 12–17 years

Aged < 12 years

Symptomatic, Regardless of Risk Factors

  • Provide supportive care (AIII).

  • Provide supportive care (AIII).

High Riska,b

  • Use 1 of the following options (listed in order of preference):c
    • Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) within 5 days of symptom onset (BIII)
    • Remdesivir within 7 days of symptom onset (CIII)
  • There is insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against the use of bebtelovimab.d

  • Ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir is not authorized by the FDA for use in children aged < 12 years.
  • There is insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against routine use of remdesivir. Consider treatment based on age and other risk factors.

Intermediate Riskb,e

  • There is insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against the use of any antiviral therapy. Consider treatment based on age and other risk factors.

  • There is insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against routine use of remdesivir.

Low Riskb,f

  • Manage with supportive care alone (BIII).

  • Manage with supportive care alone (BIII).

Rating of Recommendations: A = Strong; B = Moderate; C = Weak
Rating of Evidence: I = One or more randomized trials without major limitations; IIa = Other randomized trials or subgroup analyses of randomized trials; IIb = Nonrandomized trials or observational cohort studies; III = Expert opinion

a Molnupiravir is not authorized by the FDA for use in children aged < 18 years and should not be used.

b See Table 3b for the Panel’s framework for assessing the risk of progression to severe COVID-19 based on patient conditions and COVID-19 vaccination status.

c Initiate treatment as soon as possible after symptom onset.

d Bebtelovimab is the only anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAb active against the current dominant circulating Omicron subvariants. In nonhospitalized adults, bebtelovimab may be used as an alternative therapy when none of the preferred therapies (i.e., ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir, remdesivir) are available, feasible to use, or clinically appropriate.

e The relative risk of severe COVID-19 for intermediate-risk patients is lower than the risk for high-risk patients but higher than the risk for low-risk patients.

f Low-risk patients include those with comorbid conditions that have a weak or unknown association with severe COVID-19. Patients with no comorbidities are included in this group.

Key: FDA = Food and Drug Administration; mAb = monoclonal antibody; the Panel = the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel

Source: NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel[5]

Hospitalized Children

Therapeutic Management of Hospitalized Children With COVID-19

Disease Severity

Panel’s Recommendations

Hospitalized for COVID-19

For children aged ≥12 years admitted for COVID-19, use prophylactic anticoagulation unless contraindicated (BIII).

Does Not Require Supplemental Oxygen

For children admitted for COVID-19 who are at the highest risk of progression to severe COVID-19,a consider using remdesivirb for children aged 12–17 years (CIII). There is insufficient evidence for using remdesivir in children aged 28 days to < 12 years.

For children admitted for reasons other than COVID-19 who have mild to moderate COVID-19 and are at the highest risk of progression,a refer to Therapeutic Management of Nonhospitalized Children With COVID-19.

Requires Conventional Oxygenc

Use 1 of the following options:

  • Remdesivirb (BIII)
  • Dexamethasone plus remdesivirb for children with increasing oxygen needs, particularly adolescents (BIII)

Requires Oxygen Through High-Flow Device or NIVd

Use 1 of the following options:

  • Dexamethasone (BIII)
  • Dexamethasone plus remdesivirb (BIII)

For children who do not have rapid (e.g., within 24 hours) improvement in oxygenation after initiation of dexamethasone, baricitinibe or tocilizumab can be considered for children aged 12–17 years (BIII) and for children aged 2–11 years (CIII) .

Requires MV or ECMOf

Dexamethasonef (AIII)

For children who do not have rapid (e.g., within 24 hours) improvement in oxygenation after initiation of dexamethasone, baricitinibe or tocilizumab may be considered for children aged 12–17 years (BIII) and for children aged 2–11 years (CIII) .

Rating of Recommendations: A = Strong; B = Moderate; C = Weak
Rating of Evidence: I = One or more randomized trials without major limitations; IIa = Other randomized trials or subgroup analyses of randomized trials; IIb = Nonrandomized trials or observational cohort studies; III = Expert opinion

a For example, for children who are severely immunocompromised regardless of COVID-19 vaccination status and those who are unvaccinated and have additional risk factors for progression (see Therapeutic Management of Nonhospitalized Children With COVID-19).

b The clinical benefit of remdesivir is greatest if it is initiated within 10 days of symptom onset. Remdesivir should be given for 5 days or until hospital discharge, whichever comes first.

c Conventional oxygen refers to oxygen supplementation that is not high-flow oxygen, NIV, MV, or ECMO.

d Patients who are receiving NIV or MV at baseline and require a substantial increase in baseline support should be treated per the recommendations for patients requiring new NIV or MV.

e Tofacitinib is an alternative if baricitinib is not available (BIII).

f For children who started receiving remdesivir before admission to the ICU, the remdesivir should be continued to complete the treatment course.

Key: ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ICU = intensive care unit; MV = mechanical ventilation; NIV = noninvasive ventilation

Source: NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel[5]
Therapeutic Management of Hospitalized Pediatric Patients With MIS-C

Patient Condition

Panel’s Recommendations

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)

Initial treatment for MIS-C includes both immunomodulatory and antithrombotic therapy.
Initial Immunomodulatory Therapy:

  • IVIG 2 g/kg IBW/dose (up to a maximum total dose of 100 g)a IV plus low-to-moderate dose methylprednisolone (1–2 mg/kg/day) IVa or another glucocorticoid at an equivalent dosea (AIIb).
  • The Panel recommends against the routine use of IVIG monotherapy for the treatment of MIS-C unless glucocorticoid use is contraindicated (AIIb).
Intensification Immunomodulatory Therapy:
  • For children with refractory MIS-C who do not improve within 24 hours of initial immunomodulatory therapy, start one of the following (listed in alphabetical order) (AIII):
    • High-dose anakinra 5–10 mg/kg IV or SUBQ daily (BIIb), or
    • Higher-dose glucocorticoid (e.g., methylprednisolone 10–30 mg/kg/day IV or equivalent glucocorticoid) (BIIb),bor
    • Infliximabc 5–10 mg/kg IV for 1 dose (BIIb).
Antithrombotic Treatment:
  • Low-dose aspirin (3–5 mg/kg/day, up to maximum daily dose of 81 mg) PO for all patients without risk factors for bleeding (AIII), AND
  • Anticoagulation for patients who fall under 1 of the following clinical scenarios:
    • Therapeutic anticoagulation for patients with large CAAs according to the American Heart Association guidelines for Kawasaki disease (AIII).
    • Therapeutic anticoagulation for patients with moderate to severe LV dysfunction who have no risk factors for bleeding (AIII).
    • For patients with MIS-C who do not have large CAAs or moderate to severe LV dysfunction, consider prophylactic or therapeutic anticoagulation on an individual basis, taking into consideration risk factors for thrombosis. See Table 3e for additional information.

Rating of Recommendations: A = Strong; B = Moderate; C = Weak
Rating of Evidence: I = One or more randomized trials without major limitations; IIa = Other randomized trials or subgroup analyses of randomized trials; IIb = Nonrandomized trials or observational cohort studies; III = Expert opinion

a Duration of therapy may vary. For more information, see Therapeutic Management of Hospitalized Pediatric Patients With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) (With Discussion on Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults [MIS-A]).

b In certain patients with severe illness, intensification therapy may include dual therapy with higher-dose glucocorticoids and infliximab or anakinra. Anakinra and infliximab should not be given in combination..

c Infliximab should not be used in patients with macrophage activation syndrome.

Key: CAA = coronary artery aneurysm; IBW = ideal body weight; IV = intravenous; IVIG = intravenous immunoglobulin; LV = left ventricular; MIS-C = multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children; PO = oral; SUBQ = subcutaneously

Source: NIH COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel[5]

See Also

For health professionals

For the Public

References

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Last updated: September 21, 2022