Canada

Introduction

Background

A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, while retaining ties to the British crown. Canada repatriated its constitution from the UK in 1982, severing a final colonial tie. Economically and technologically, the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across the world's longest international border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care, education, social services, and economic competitiveness, as well as responding to the particular concerns of predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment.

Geography

Location

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US

Geographic coordinates

60 00 N, 95 00 W

Map references

North America

Area

total: 9,984,670 sq km
land: 9,093,507 sq km
water: 891,163 sq km
country comparison to the world: 3

Area - comparative

slightly larger than the US

Land boundaries

total: 8,893 km
border countries (1): US 8893 km (includes 2477 km with Alaska)
note: Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country

Coastline

202,080 km
note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12nm
exclusive economic zone: 200nm
contiguous zone: 24nm
continental shelf: 200nm or to the edge of the continental margin

Climate

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Terrain

mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast

Elevation

mean elevation: 487 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

Natural resources

bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Land use

agricultural land: 6.8% (2011 est.)
arable land: 4.7% (2011 est.)/permanent crops: 0.5% (2011 est.)/permanent pasture: 1.6% (2011 est.)
forest: 34.1% (2011 est.)
other: 59.1% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land

8,700 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Natural hazards

continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains volcanism: the vast majority of volcanoes in Western Canada's Coast Mountains remain dormant

Environment - current issues

metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note

note 1: second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border note 2: Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined

People and Society

Population

35,881,659 (July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38

Nationality

noun: Canadian(s)
adjective: Canadian

Ethnic groups

Canadian 32.3%, English 18.3%, Scottish 13.9%, French 13.6%, Irish 13.4%, German 9.6%, Chinese 5.1%, Italian 4.6%, North American Indian 4.4%, East Indian 4%, other 51.6% (2016 est.)
note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin

Languages

English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)

Religions

Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian 1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.6%, none 23.9% (2011 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.43%(male 2,839,236 /female 2,698,592)
15-24 years: 11.62%(male 2,145,626 /female 2,023,369)
25-54 years: 39.62%(male 7,215,261 /female 7,002,546)
55-64 years: 14.24%(male 2,538,820 /female 2,570,709)
65 years and over: 19.08%(male 3,055,560 /female 3,791,940) (2018 est.)
population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 47.3 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.5 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 23.8 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.2 (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 42.4 years (2018 est.)
male: 41.1 years
female: 43.7 years
country comparison to the world: 31

Population growth rate

0.72% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139

Birth rate

10.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189

Death rate

8.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67

Net migration rate

5.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20

Population distribution

vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia

Urbanization

urban population: 81.5% of total population(2019)
rate of urbanization: 0.97% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)

Major urban areas - population

6.139 million Toronto, 4.196 million Montreal, 2.556 million Vancouver, 1.513 million Calgary, 1.43 million Edmonton, 1.378 million OTTAWA (capital) (2019)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

28.1 years (2012 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

10 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.1 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 180

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 82 years (2018 est.)
male: 79.4 years
female: 84.8 years
country comparison to the world: 18

Total fertility rate

1.6 children born/woman (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 99% of population
total: 99.8% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 1% of population
total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)

Current Health Expenditure

10.5% (2016)

Physicians density

2.61 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density

2.7 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 100% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 99% of population (2015 est.)
total: 99.8% of population (2015 est.)
unimproved: urban: 0% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 1% of population (2015 est.)
total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

29.4% (2016)
country comparison to the world: 26

Education expenditures

5.3% of GDP (2011)
country comparison to the world: 46

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 11.1%
male: 12.5%
female: 9.6% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117

Government

Country name

conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Canada
etymology: the country name likely derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word "kanata" meaning village or settlement

Government type

federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution

Capital

name: Ottawa
geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends first Sunday in November
etymology: the city lies on the south bank of the Ottawa River, from which it derives its name; the river name comes from the Algonquin word "adawe" meaning "to trade" and refers to the indigenous peoples who used the river as a trade highway

note: Canada has six time zones

Administrative divisions

10 provinces and 3 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Nunavut*, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon*

Independence

1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster)

National holiday

Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Constitution

history: consists of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982
amendments: proposed by either house of Parliament or by the provincial legislative assemblies; there are 5 methods for passage though most require approval by both houses of Parliament, approval of at least two thirds of the provincial legislative assemblies and assent and formalization as a proclamation by the governor general in council; the most restrictive method is reserved for amendments affecting fundamental sections of the constitution, such as the office of the monarch or the governor general, and the constitutional amendment procedures, which require unanimous approval by both houses and by all the provincial assemblies, and assent of the governor general in council; amended 11 times, last in 2011 (Fair Representation Act, 2011) (2018)

Legal system

common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: minimum of 3 of last 5 years resident in Canada

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Julie PAYETTE (since 2 October 2017)
head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament
elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general
note: the governor general position is largely ceremonial; Julie PAYETTE, a former space shuttle astronaut, is Canada's fourth female governor general but the first to have flown in space

Legislative branch

description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of:
Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75)
House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote with terms up to 4 years)
elections: Senate - appointed; latest appointments in December 2018
House of Commons - last held on 21 October 2019 (next to be held in October 2023)
election results:
Senate - composition as of December 2018 - men 51, women 54, percent of women 51.4%

House of Commons - percent of vote by party - CPC 34.4%, Liberal Party 33.1%, NDP 15.9%, Bloc Quebecois 7.7%, Greens 6.5%, other 2.4%; seats by party - Liberal Party 157, CPC 121, NDP 24, Bloc Quebecois 32, Greens 4; composition - men 240, women 98, percent of women 29%; note - total Parliament percent of women 34.3%

Judicial branch

highest courts: Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London)
judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75
subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; Courts Martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; note -  in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court, as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements

Political parties and leaders

Bloc Quebecois [Mario BEAULIEU]
Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Andrew SCHEER]
Green Party [Jo-Ann ROBERTS]
Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU]
New Democratic Party or NDP [Jagmeet SINGH]
People's Party of Canada [Maxime BERNIER]

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CD, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, EITI (implementing country), FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador David Brookes MACNAUGHTON (since 2 March 2016)
chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740
FAX: [1] (202) 682-7726
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco/Silicon Valley, Seattle
trade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Richard M. MILLS, Jr. (since 23 August 2019)
telephone: [1] (613) 688-5335
embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430; P.O. Box 866, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5T1
FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082
consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver
consulate(s): Winnipeg

Flag description

two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width) with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the maple leaf has long been a Canadian symbol

National symbol(s)

maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white

National anthem

name: O Canada
lyrics/music: Adolphe-Basile ROUTHIER [French], Robert Stanley WEIR [English]/Calixa LAVALLEE
note: adopted 1980; originally written in 1880, "O Canada" served as an unofficial anthem many years before its official adoption; the anthem has French and English versions whose lyrics differ; as a Commonwealth realm, in addition to the national anthem, "God Save the Queen" serves as the royal anthem (see United Kingdom)

Economy

Economy - overview

Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. Canada has a large oil and natural gas sector with the majority of crude oil production derived from oil sands in the western provinces, especially Alberta. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia and is the world’s seventh-largest oil producer.TThe 1989 Canada-US Free Trade Agreement and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (which includes Mexico) dramatically increased trade and economic integration between the US and Canada. Canada and the US enjoy the world’s most comprehensive bilateral trade and investment relationship, with goods and services trade totaling more than $680 billion in 2017, and two-way investment stocks of more than $800 billion. Over three-fourths of Canada’s merchandise exports are destined for the US each year. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the US, including oil, natural gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports.Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. The global economic crisis of 2007-08 moved the Canadian economy into sharp recession by late 2008, and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Canada’s economy posted strong growth in 2017 at 3%, but most analysts are projecting Canada’s economic growth will drop back closer to 2% in 2018.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.774 trillion (2017 est.)
$1.721 trillion (2016 est.)
$1.697 trillion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 17

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.653 trillion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

3% (2017 est.)
1.4% (2016 est.)
1% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$48,400 (2017 est.)
$47,500 (2016 est.)
$47,400 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 34

Gross national saving

20.8% of GDP (2017 est.)
20% of GDP (2016 est.)
20.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 57.8% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 20.8% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 23% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 30.9% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -33.2% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 1.6% (2017 est.)
industry: 28.2% (2017 est.)
services: 70.2% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; fish; forest products

Industries

transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum, natural gas

Industrial production growth rate

4.9% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60

Labor force

19.52 million (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 2%
industry: 13%
services: 6%
industry and services: 76%
manufacturing: 3% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate

6.3% (2017 est.)
7% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94

Population below poverty line

9.4% (2008 est.)
note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 24.8% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

32.1 (2005)
31.5 (1994)
country comparison to the world: 119

Budget

revenues: 649.6 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 665.7 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

39.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77

Public debt

89.7% of GDP (2017 est.)
91.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: figures are for gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt; gross general government debt includes both intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level
country comparison to the world: 25

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.6% (2017 est.)
1.4% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87

Central bank discount rate

1% (31 December 2010)
0.25% (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 133

Commercial bank prime lending rate

3.2% (31 December 2017 est.)
2.7% (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172

Stock of narrow money

$748.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$637.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9

Stock of broad money

$748.9 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$637.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9

Stock of domestic credit

$3.219 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
$2.802 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 8

Market value of publicly traded shares

$1.593 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)
$2.095 trillion (31 December 2014 est.)
$2.114 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7

Current account balance

-$48.75 billion (2017 est.)
-$49.32 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 204

Exports

$423.5 billion (2017 est.)
$393.5 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 11

Exports - partners

US 76.4%, China 4.3% (2017)

Exports - commodities

motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum

Imports

$442.1 billion (2017 est.)
$413.4 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods

Imports - partners

US 51.5%, China 12.6%, Mexico 6.3% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$86.68 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$82.72 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28

Debt - external

$1.608 trillion (31 March 2016 est.)
$1.55 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$1.039 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.004 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$1.371 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.277 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 11

Exchange rates

Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar -
1.308 (2017 est.)
1.3256 (2016 est.)
1.3256 (2015 est.)
1.2788 (2014 est.)
1.0298 (2013 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Electricity - production

649.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6

Electricity - consumption

522.2 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7

Electricity - exports

73.35 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2

Electricity - imports

2.682 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52

Electricity - installed generating capacity

143.5 million kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 8

Electricity - from fossil fuels

23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 191

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

56% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30

Electricity - from other renewable sources

12% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73

Crude oil - production

4.264 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5

Crude oil - exports

2.818 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4

Crude oil - imports

806,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14

Crude oil - proved reserves

170.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3

Refined petroleum products - production

2.009 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10

Refined petroleum products - consumption

2.445 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10

Refined petroleum products - exports

1.115 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 8

Refined petroleum products - imports

405,700 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21

Natural gas - production

159.1 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5

Natural gas - consumption

124.4 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6

Natural gas - exports

83.96 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5

Natural gas - imports

26.36 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13

Natural gas - proved reserves

2.056 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

640.6 million Mt (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 14,700,854
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 41 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 31,458,600
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 88 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43

Telephone system

general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology; consumer demand for mobile data services have promted telecos to invest and advance LTE infrastructure, and further investment in 5G; government policy has aided the extension of broadband to rural and regional areas, with the result that services are almost universally accessible (2018)
domestic: comparatively low mobile penetration provides further room for growth; domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations; 41 per 100 fixed-line; 88 per 100 mobile-cellular (2018)
international: country code - 1; Nunavut Undersea Fibre Optic Network System, Greenland Connect, Persona, GTT Atlantic, and Express, KetchCan 1 Submarine Fiber Cable system, St Pierre and Miquelon Cable submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 7 (5 Intelsat - 4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean, and 2 Intersputnik - Atlantic Ocean region) (2019)

Broadcast media

2 public TV broadcasting networks, 1 in English and 1 in French, each with a large number of network affiliates; several private-commercial networks also with multiple network affiliates; overall, about 150 TV stations; multi-channel satellite and cable systems provide access to a wide range of stations including US stations; mix of public and commercial radio broadcasters with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the public radio broadcaster, operating 4 radio networks, Radio Canada International, and radio services to indigenous populations in the north; roughly 1,119 licensed radio stations (2016)

Internet country code

.ca

Internet users

total: 31,770,034
percent of population: 89.8% (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 13,922,504
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 39 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14

Military and Security

Military expenditures

1.31% of GDP (2019 est.)
1.31% of GDP (2018)
1.44% of GDP (2017)
1.16% of GDP (2016)
1.2% of GDP (2015)
country comparison to the world: 93

Military and security forces

Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command, Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (2019)

Military service age and obligation

17 years of age for voluntary male and female military service (with parental consent); 16 years of age for Reserve and Military College applicants; Canadian citizenship or permanent residence status required; maximum 34 years of age; service obligation 3-9 years (2012)

Transportation

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 51 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 879 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 80,228,301 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,074,830,881mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

C (2016)

Airports

1,467 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 4

Airports - with paved runways

total: 523 (2017)
over 3,047 m: 21 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 19 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 147 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 257 (2017)
under 914 m: 79 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 944 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 75 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 385 (2013)
under 914 m: 484 (2013)

Heliports

26 (2013)

Pipelines

110000 km gas and liquid petroleum (2017)

Railways

total: 77,932 km (2014)
standard gauge: 77,932 km1.435-m gauge (2014)
country comparison to the world: 4

Roadways

total: 1,042,300 km (2011)
paved: 415,600 km(includes 17,000 km of expressways) (2011)
unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)
country comparison to the world: 8

Waterways

636 km(Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States) (2011)
country comparison to the world: 77

Merchant marine

total: 657
by type: bulk carrier 17, container ship 1, general cargo 91, oil tanker 17, other 531 (2018)
country comparison to the world: 32

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Halifax, Saint John (New Brunswick), Vancouver
oil terminal(s): Lower Lakes terminal
container port(s) (TEUs): Montreal (1,537,669), Vancouver (3,252,225) (2017)
LNG terminal(s) (import): Saint John
river and lake port(s): Montreal, Quebec City, Sept-Isles (St. Lawrence)
dry bulk cargo port(s): Port-Cartier (iron ore and grain),
Fraser River Port (Fraser) Hamilton (Lake Ontario)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 7,356 (Colombia), 7,192 (China), 7,141 (Haiti), 5,483 (Nigeria), 5,607 (Pakistan) (2018); 9,978 (Venezuela) (2019)
stateless persons: 3,790 (2018)

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market and export to US; use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; increasing ecstasy production, some of which is destined for the US; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering because of its mature financial services sector

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