Chad

Introduction

Background

Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of civil warfare, as well as invasions by Libya, before peace was restored in 1990. The government eventually drafted a democratic constitution and held flawed presidential elections in 1996 and 2001. In 1998, a rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which has sporadically flared up despite several peace agreements between the government and insurgents. In June 2005, President Idriss DEBY held a referendum successfully removing constitutional term limits and won another controversial election in 2006. Sporadic rebel campaigns continued throughout 2006 and 2007. The capital experienced a significant insurrection in early 2008, but has had no significant rebel threats since then, in part due to Chad's 2010 rapprochement with Sudan, which previously used Chadian rebels as proxies. Nevertheless, a state of emergency continues to be in place in the Sila and Ouaddai regions bordering Sudan.  In late 2015, the government imposed a state of emergency in the Lake Chad region following multiple attacks by the terrorist group Boko Haram throughout the year; Boko Haram also launched several bombings in N'Djamena in mid-2015. A state of emergency is also emplaced in the western Tibesti region bordering Niger where rival ethnic groups are fighting. DEBY in 2016 was reelected to his fifth term in an election that was peaceful but flawed. In December 2015, Chad completed a two-year rotation on the UN Security Council. In January 2017, DEBY completed a one-year term as Chairperson of the African Union Assembly. (2019)

Geography

Location

Central Africa, south of Libya

Geographic coordinates

15 00 N, 19 00 E

Map references

Africa

Area

total: 1.284 million sq km
land: 1,259,200 sq km
water: 24,800 sq km
country comparison to the world: 22

Area - comparative

almost nine times the size of New York state; slightly more than three times the size of California

Land boundaries

total: 6,406 km
border countries (6): Cameroon 1116 km, Central African Republic 1556 km, Libya 1050 km, Niger 1196 km, Nigeria 85 km, Sudan 1403 km

Coastline

0 km(landlocked)

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Climate

tropical in south, desert in north

Terrain

broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south

Elevation

mean elevation: 543 m
lowest point: Djourab 160 m
highest point: Emi Koussi 3,445 m

Natural resources

petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt

Land use

agricultural land: 39.6% (2011 est.)
arable land: 3.9% (2011 est.)/permanent crops: 0% (2011 est.)/permanent pasture: 35.7% (2011 est.)
forest: 9.1% (2011 est.)
other: 51.3% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land

300 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated

Natural hazards

hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues

Environment - current issues

inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas and poor farming practices contribute to soil and water pollution; desertification

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Geography - note

note 1: Chad is the largest of Africa's 16 landlocked countries note 2: not long ago - geologically speaking - what is today the Sahara was green savannah teeming with wildlife; during the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, a vibrant animal community, including elephants, giraffes, hippos, and antelope lived there; the last remnant of the "Green Sahara" exists in the Lakes of Ounianga (oo-nee-ahn-ga) in northern Chad, a series of 18 interconnected freshwater, saline, and hypersaline lakes now protected as a World Heritage site note 3: Lake Chad, the most significant water body in the Sahel, is a remnant of a former inland sea, paleolake Mega-Chad; at its greatest extent, sometime before 5000 B.C., Lake Mega-Chad was the largest of four Saharan paleolakes that existed during the African Humid Period; it covered an area of about 400,000 sq km (150,000 sq mi), roughly the size of today's Caspian Sea

People and Society

Population

15,833,116 (July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71

Nationality

noun: Chadian(s)
adjective: Chadian

Ethnic groups

Sara (Ngambaye/Sara/Madjingaye/Mbaye) 30.5%, Kanembu/Bornu/Buduma 9.8%, Arab 9.7%, Wadai/Maba/Masalit/Mimi 7%, Gorane 5.8%, Masa/Musseye/Musgum 4.9%, Bulala/Medogo/Kuka 3.7%, Marba/Lele/Mesme 3.5%, Mundang 2.7%, Bidiyo/Migaama/Kenga/Dangleat 2.5%, Dadjo/Kibet/Muro 2.4%, Tupuri/Kera 2%, Gabri/Kabalaye/Nanchere/Somrai 2%, Fulani/Fulbe/Bodore 1.8%, Karo/Zime/Peve 1.3%, Baguirmi/Barma 1.2%, Zaghawa/Bideyat/Kobe 1.1%, Tama/Assongori/Mararit 1.1%, Mesmedje/Massalat/Kadjakse 0.8%, other Chadian ethnicities 3.4%, Chadians of foreign ethnicities 0.9%, foreign nationals 0.3%, unspecified 1.7% (2014-15 est.)

Languages

French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects

Religions

Muslim 52.1%, Protestant 23.9%, Roman Catholic 20%, animist 0.3%, other Christian 0.2%, none 2.8%, unspecified 0.7% (2014-15 est.)

Demographic profile

Despite the start of oil production in 2003, 40% of Chad’s population lives below the poverty line. The population will continue to grow rapidly because of the country’s very high fertility rate and large youth cohort – more than 65% of the populace is under the age of 25 – although the mortality rate is high and life expectancy is low. Chad has the world’s third highest maternal mortality rate. Among the primary risk factors are poverty, anemia, rural habitation, high fertility, poor education, and a lack of access to family planning and obstetric care. Impoverished, uneducated adolescents living in rural areas are most affected. To improve women’s reproductive health and reduce fertility, Chad will need to increase women’s educational attainment, job participation, and knowledge of and access to family planning. Only about a quarter of women are literate, less than 5% use contraceptives, and more than 40% undergo genital cutting.As of October 2017, more than 320,000 refugees from Sudan and more than 75,000 from the Central African Republic strain Chad’s limited resources and create tensions in host communities. Thousands of new refugees fled to Chad in 2013 to escape worsening violence in the Darfur region of Sudan. The large refugee populations are hesitant to return to their home countries because of continued instability. Chad was relatively stable in 2012 in comparison to other states in the region, but past fighting between government forces and opposition groups and inter-communal violence have left nearly 60,000 of its citizens displaced in the eastern part of the country.

Age structure

0-14 years: 48.12%(male 3,856,001 /female 3,763,622)
15-24 years: 19.27%(male 1,532,687 /female 1,518,940)
25-54 years: 26.95%(male 2,044,795 /female 2,222,751)
55-64 years: 3.25%(male 228,930 /female 286,379)
65 years and over: 2.39%(male 164,257 /female 214,754) (2018 est.)
population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 100.2 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 95.2 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 4.9 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 20.3 (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 15.8 years (2018 est.)
male: 15.3 years
female: 16.3 years
country comparison to the world: 226

Population growth rate

3.23% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 5

Birth rate

43 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4

Death rate

10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26

Net migration rate

-0.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104

Population distribution

the population is unevenly distributed due to contrasts in climate and physical geography; the highest density is found in the southwest, particularly around Lake Chad and points south; the dry Saharan zone to the north is the least densely populated

Urbanization

urban population: 23.3% of total population(2019)
rate of urbanization: 3.88% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)

Major urban areas - population

1.372 million N'DJAMENA (capital) (2019)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.8 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

17.9 years (2014/15 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Maternal mortality rate

1,140 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2

Infant mortality rate

total: 71.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 77.8 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 65.4 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 6

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 57.5 years (2018 est.)
male: 55.7 years
female: 59.3 years
country comparison to the world: 214

Total fertility rate

5.9 children born/woman (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4

Contraceptive prevalence rate

5.7% (2014/15)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 71.8% of population
rural: 44.8% of population
total: 50.8% of population
unimproved: urban: 28.2% of population
rural: 55.2% of population
total: 49.2% of population (2015 est.)

Current Health Expenditure

4.5% (2016)

Physicians density

0.05 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 31.4% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 6.5% of population (2015 est.)
total: 12.1% of population (2015 est.)
unimproved: urban: 68.6% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 93.5% of population (2015 est.)
total: 87.9% of population (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1.3% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

120,000 (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39

HIV/AIDS - deaths

3,100 (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high (2016)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever (2016)
vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever (2016)
water contact diseases: schistosomiasis (2016)
animal contact diseases: rabies (2016)
respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis (2016)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

6.1% (2016)
country comparison to the world: 170

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

29.4% (2015)
country comparison to the world: 11

Education expenditures

2.9% of GDP (2013)
country comparison to the world: 140

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic
total population: 22.3%
male: 31.3%
female: 14% (2016)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 8 years
male: 9 years
female: 6 years (2014)

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Chad
conventional short form: Chad
local long form: Republique du Tchad/Jumhuriyat Tshad
local short form: Tchad/Tshad
etymology: named for Lake Chad, which lies along the country's western border; the word "tsade" means "large body of water" or "lake" in several local native languages
note: the only country whose name is composed of a single syllable with a single vowel

Government type

presidential republic

Capital

name: N'Djamena
geographic coordinates: 12 06 N, 15 02 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: name taken from the Arab name of a nearby village, Nijamina, meaning "place of rest" 

Administrative divisions

23 regions (regions, singular - region); Barh el Gazel, Batha, Borkou, Chari-Baguirmi, Ennedi-Est, Ennedi-Ouest, Guera, Hadjer-Lamis, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Kebbi Est, Mayo-Kebbi Ouest, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile, Tibesti, Ville de N'Djamena, Wadi Fira

Independence

11 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday

Independence Day, 11 August (1960)

Constitution

history: several previous; latest approved 30 April 2018 by the National Assembly, entered into force 4 May 2018
amendments: proposed as a revision by the president of the republic after a Council of Ministers (cabinet) decision or by the National Assembly; approval for consideration of a revision requires at least three-fifths majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires approval by referendum or at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; amended 2005, 2013 (2018)

Legal system

mixed legal system of civil and customary law

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: both parents must be citizens of Chad
dual citizenship recognized: Chadian law does not address dual citizenship
residency requirement for naturalization: 15 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990)
head of government: President Idriss DEBY Itno, Lt. Gen. (since 4 December 1990); prime minister position eliminated under the 2018 constitution
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 10 April 2016 (next to be held in April 2021)
election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY Itno reelected president in first round; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (MPS) 61.6%, Saleh KEBZABO (UNDR) 12.8%, Laokein Kourayo MEDAR (CTPD) 10.7%, Djimrangar DADNADJI (CAP-SUR) 5.1%, other 9.8%

Legislative branch

description: unicameral National Assembly (188 seats; 163 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 25 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 13 February and 6 May 2011 (next to be held NA)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPS 117, UNDR 10, RDP 9, RNDT/Le Reveil 8, URD 8, Viva-RNDP 5, FAR 4, CTPD 2, PDSA 2, PUR 2, UDR 2, other 19; composition - men 164, women 24, percent of women 12.8%
note: the National Assembly mandate was extended to 2019, reportedly due to a lack of funding for the scheduled 2015 election

Judicial branch

highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, 3 chamber presidents, and 12 judges or councilors and divided into 3 chambers); Constitutional Council (consists of 3 judges and 6 jurists)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice selected by the president; councilors - 8 designated by the president and 7 by the speaker of the National Assembly; chief justice and councilors appointed for life; Constitutional Council judges - 2 appointed by the president and 1 by the speaker of the National Assembly; jurists - 3 each by the president and by the speaker of the National Assembly; judges appointed for 9-year terms
subordinate courts: High Court of Justice; Courts of Appeal; tribunals; justices of the peace

Political parties and leaders

Chadian Convention for Peace and Development or CTPD [Laoukein Kourayo MEDAR]
Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR]
Framework of Popular Action for Solidarity and Unity of the Republic or CAP-SUR [Joseph Djimrangar DADNADJI]
National Rally for Development and Progress or Viva-RNDP [Dr. Nouradine Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]
National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]
Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ahmat ALHABO]
Party for Unity and Reconciliation
Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Idriss DEBY]
Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Mahamat Allahou TAHER]RNDT/Le Reveil [Albert Pahimi PADACKE]
Social Democratic Party for a Change-over of Power or PDSA [Malloum YOBODA]
Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Felix Romadoumngar NIALBE]

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, BDEAC, CEMAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Ngote Gali KOUTOU (since 22 June 2018)
chancery: 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 652-1312
FAX: [1] (202) 758-0431

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Thomas R. GENTON (since 16 August 2019)
telephone: [235] 2251-5017
embassy: Chagoua Round Point, BP 413, N'Djamena
mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena
FAX: [235] 2253-9102

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and red; the flag combines the blue and red French (former colonial) colors with the red and yellow (gold) of the Pan-African colors; blue symbolizes the sky, hope, and the south of the country, which is relatively well-watered; gold represents the sun, as well as the desert in the north of the country; red stands for progress, unity, and sacrifice
note: almost identical to the flag of Romania but with a darker shade of blue; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design based on the flag of France

National symbol(s)

goat (north), lion (south); national colors: blue, yellow, red

National anthem

name: "La Tchadienne" (The Chadian)
lyrics/music: Louis GIDROL and his students/Paul VILLARD
note: adopted 1960

Economy

Economy - overview

Chad’s landlocked location results in high transportation costs for imported goods and dependence on neighboring countries. Oil and agriculture are mainstays of Chad’s economy. Oil provides about 60% of export revenues, while cotton, cattle, livestock, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's non-oil export earnings. The services sector contributes less than one-third of GDP and has attracted foreign investment mostly through telecommunications and banking.Nearly all of Chad’s fuel is provided by one domestic refinery, and unanticipated shutdowns occasionally result in shortages. The country regulates the price of domestic fuel, providing an incentive for black market sales.Although high oil prices and strong local harvests supported the economy in the past, low oil prices now stress Chad’s fiscal position and have resulted in significant government cutbacks. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most of its public and private sector investment. Investment in Chad is difficult due to its limited infrastructure, lack of trained workers, extensive government bureaucracy, and corruption. Chad obtained a three-year extended credit facility from the IMF in 2014 and was granted debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in April 2015.In 2018, economic policy will be driven by efforts that started in 2016 to reverse the recession and to repair damage to public finances and exports. The government is implementing an emergency action plan to counterbalance the drop in oil revenue and to diversify the economy. Chad’s national development plan (NDP) cost just over $9 billion with a financing gap of $6.7 billion. The NDP emphasized the importance of private sector participation in Chad’s development, as well as the need to improve the business environment, particularly in priority sectors such as mining and agriculture.The Government of Chad reached a deal with Glencore and four other banks on the restructuring of a $1.45 billion oil-backed loan in February 2018, after a long negotiation. The new terms include an extension of the maturity to 2030 from 2022, a two-year grace period on principal repayments, and a lower interest rate of the London Inter-bank Offer Rate (Libor) plus 2% - down from Libor plus 7.5%. The original Glencore loan was to be repaid with crude oil assets, however, Chad's oil sales were hit by the downturn in the price of oil. Chad had secured a $312 million credit from the IMF in June 2017, but release of those funds hinged on restructuring the Glencore debt. Chad had already cut public spending to try to meet the terms of the IMF program, but that prompted strikes and protests in a country where nearly 40% of the population lives below the poverty line. Multinational partners, such as the African Development Bank, the EU, and the World Bank are likely to continue budget support in 2018, but Chad will remain at high debt risk, given its dependence on oil revenue and pressure to spend on subsidies and security.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$28.62 billion (2017 est.)
$29.55 billion (2016 est.)
$31.58 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 134

GDP (official exchange rate)

$9.872 billion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

-3.1% (2017 est.)
-6.4% (2016 est.)
1.8% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 211

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$2,300 (2017 est.)
$2,500 (2016 est.)
$2,700 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 202

Gross national saving

15.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
7.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
13.3% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 75.1% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 4.4% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 24.1% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.7% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 35.1% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -39.4% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 52.3% (2017 est.)
industry: 14.7% (2017 est.)
services: 33.1% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, sesame, corn, rice, potatoes, onions, cassava (manioc, tapioca), cattle, sheep, goats, camels

Industries

oil, cotton textiles, brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials

Industrial production growth rate

-4% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192

Labor force

5.654 million (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 80%
industry: 20% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate

NA

Population below poverty line

46.7% (2011 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 30.8% (2003)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

43.3 (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47

Budget

revenues: 1.337 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 1.481 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

13.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 206

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89

Public debt

52.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
52.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94

Fiscal year

calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

-0.9% (2017 est.)
-1.1% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2

Central bank discount rate

4.25% (31 December 2009)
4.75% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 91

Commercial bank prime lending rate

15.5% (31 December 2017 est.)
15.5% (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36

Stock of narrow money

$1.397 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.241 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144

Stock of broad money

$1.397 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.241 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 152

Stock of domestic credit

$2.681 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$2.387 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143

Market value of publicly traded shares

NA

Current account balance

-$558 million (2017 est.)
-$926 million (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121

Exports

$2.464 billion (2017 est.)
$2.187 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133

Exports - partners

US 38.7%, China 16.6%, Netherlands 15.7%, UAE 12.2%, India 6.3% (2017)

Exports - commodities

oil, livestock, cotton, sesame, gum arabic, shea butter

Imports

$2.16 billion (2017 est.)
$1.997 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164

Imports - commodities

machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners

China 19.9%, Cameroon 17.2%, France 17%, US 5.4%, India 4.9%, Senegal 4.5% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$22.9 million (31 December 2017 est.)
$20.92 million (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 190

Debt - external

$1.724 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.281 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$4.5 billion (2006 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

NA

Exchange rates

Cooperation Financiere en Afrique Centrale francs (XAF) per US dollar -
605.3 (2017 est.)
593.01 (2016 est.)
593.01 (2015 est.)
591.45 (2014 est.)
494.42 (2013 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

population without electricity: 14 million (2017)
electrification - total population: 8.8% (2016)
electrification - urban areas: 31.4% (2016)
electrification - rural areas: 2.2% (2016)

Electricity - production

224.3 million kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 190

Electricity - consumption

208.6 million kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134

Electricity - installed generating capacity

48,200 kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192

Electricity - from fossil fuels

98% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164

Electricity - from other renewable sources

3% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123

Crude oil - production

132,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40

Crude oil - exports

70,440 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109

Crude oil - proved reserves

1.5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130

Refined petroleum products - consumption

2,300 bbl/day (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 193

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143

Refined petroleum products - imports

2,285 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 106

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

342,200 Mt (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 190

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 14,000
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 6,231,009
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 52 (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112

Telephone system

general assessment: inadequate system of radio telephone communication stations with high maintenance costs and low telephone density; Chad remains one of the least developed on the African continent, telecom infrastructure is particularly low, with penetration rates in all sectors - fixed, mobile and Internet -well below African averages (2018)
domestic: fixed-line connections less than 1 per 100 persons, with mobile-cellular subscribership base of about 52 per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code - 235; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Broadcast media

1 state-owned TV station; 2 privately-owned TV stations; state-owned radio network, Radiodiffusion Nationale Tchadienne (RNT), operates national and regional stations; over 10 private radio stations; some stations rebroadcast programs from international broadcasters (2017)

Internet country code

.td

Internet users

total: 592,623
percent of population: 5% (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 10,470
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168

Military and Security

Military expenditures

2.13% of GDP (2018)
2.24% of GDP (2017)
1.79% of GDP (2016)
2.03% of GDP (2015)
2.82% of GDP (2014)
country comparison to the world: 46

Military and security forces

Chadian National Army (Armee Nationale du Tchad, ANT): Ground Forces (l'Armee de Terre, AdT), Chadian Air Force (l'Armee de l'Air Tchadienne, AAT), National Gendarmerie, National Nomadic Guard of Chad (GNNT); General Direction of the Security Services of State Institutions (Direction Generale des Services de Securite des Institutions de l'Etat, GDSSIE) (2019)
note: the GDSSIE, formerly known as the Republican Guard, is the presidential guard force and considered an elite military unit

Military service age and obligation

20 is the legal minimum age for compulsory military service, with a 3-year service obligation; 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary service; no minimum age restriction for volunteers with consent from a parent or guardian; women are subject to 1 year of compulsory military or civic service at age 21; while provisions for military service have not been repealed, they have never been fully implemented (2015)

Transportation

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 1 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 1 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 28,332 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: mt-km (2015)

Airports

59 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 82

Airports - with paved runways

total: 9 (2017)
over 3,047 m: 2 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2017)
under 914 m: 1 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 50 (2013)
over 3,047 m: 1 (2013)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 22 (2013)
under 914 m: 11 (2013)

Pipelines

582 km oil (2013)

Roadways

total: 40,000 km (2018)
note: consists of 25,000 km of national and regional roads and 15,000 km of local roads; 206 km of urban roads are paved
country comparison to the world: 88

Waterways

(Chari and Legone Rivers are navigable only in wet season) (2012)

Terrorism

Terrorist groups - foreign based

Boko Haram: aim(s): establish an Islamic state under strict Sharia across northern Nigeria and the Lake Chad Basin region bordering Cameroon, Chad, and Niger
area(s) of operation: most active in northeastern Nigeria (states of Yobe and Borno), but also operates in northern Cameroon, southeast Niger, and areas of Chad along the Nigerian border, particularly in the Lake Chad Basin; police also have arrested suspected Boko Haram members in Chad's capital, N'Djamena
note: Boko Haram conducts attacks, suicide bombings, targeted killings, kidnappings, and raids for supplies against both civilians and security forces; violently opposes any political or social activity associated with Western society, including voting, attending secular schools, and wearing Western dress (2019)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)-West Africa: aim(s): implement ISIS's strict interpretation of Sharia; replace regional governments with an Islamic state
area(s) of operation: based primarily in northeast Nigeria along the border with Niger and Chad, with its largest presence in northeast Nigeria and the Lake Chad Basin area (2018)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

since 2003, ad hoc armed militia groups and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 330,725 (Sudan), 94,101 (Central African Republic), 12,158 (Nigeria) (2019)
IDPs: 170,278 (majority are in the east) (2019)

Flag of Chad