World Factbook
Costa Rica
Introduction
Background
Although explored by the Spanish early in the 16th century, initial attempts at colonizing Costa Rica proved unsuccessful due to a combination of factors, including disease from mosquito-infested swamps, brutal heat, resistance by natives, and pirate raids. It was not until 1563 that a permanent settlement of Cartago was established in the cooler, fertile central highlands. The area remained a colony for some two and a half centuries. In 1821, Costa Rica became one of several Central American provinces that jointly declared their independence from Spain. Two years later it joined the United Provinces of Central America, but this federation disintegrated in 1838, at which time Costa Rica proclaimed its sovereignty and independence. Since the late 19th century, only two brief periods of violence have marred the country's democratic development. On 1 December 1948, Costa Rica dissolved its armed forces. Although it still maintains a large agricultural sector, Costa Rica has expanded its economy to include strong technology and tourism industries. The standard of living is relatively high. Land ownership is widespread.
Geography
Location
Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Nicaragua and Panama
Geographic coordinates
10 00 N, 84 00 W
Map references
Central America and the Caribbean
Area
total: 51,100 sq km
land: 51,060 sq km
water: 40 sq km
note: includes Isla del Coco
country comparison to the world: 130
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries
total: 661 km
border countries (2): Nicaragua 313 km, Panama 348 km
Coastline
1,290 km
Maritime claims
territorial sea: 12nm
exclusive economic zone: 200nm
continental shelf: 200nm
Climate
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Terrain
coastal plains separated by rugged mountains including over 100 volcanic cones, of which several are major active volcanoes
Elevation
mean elevation: 746 m
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Chirripo 3,819 m
Natural resources
hydropower
Land use
agricultural land: 37.1% (2011 est.)
arable land: 4.9% (2011 est.)/permanent crops: 6.7% (2011 est.)/permanent pasture: 25.5% (2011 est.)
forest: 51.5% (2011 est.)
other: 11.4% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land
1,015 sq km (2012)
Population distribution
roughly half of the nation's population resides in urban areas; the capital of San Jose is the largest city and home to approximately one-fifth of the population
Natural hazards
occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes volcanism: Arenal (1,670 m), which erupted in 2010, is the most active volcano in Costa Rica; a 1968 eruption destroyed the town of Tabacon; Irazu (3,432 m), situated just east of San Jose, has the potential to spew ash over the capital city as it did between 1963 and 1965; other historically active volcanoes include Miravalles, Poas, Rincon de la Vieja, and Turrialba
Environment - current issues
deforestation and land use change, largely a result of the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste management; air pollution
Environment - international agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note
four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital of San Jose in the center of the country; one of the volcanoes, Irazu, erupted destructively in 1963-65
People and Society
Population
4,987,142 (July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
Nationality
noun: Costa Rican(s)
adjective: Costa Rican
Ethnic groups
white or mestizo 83.6%, mulatto 6.7%, indigenous 2.4%, black of African descent 1.1%, other 1.1%, none 2.9%, unspecified 2.2% (2011 est.)
Languages
Spanish (official), English
Religions
Roman Catholic 71.8%, Evangelical and Pentecostal 12.3%, other Protestant 2.6%, Jehovah's Witness 0.5%, other 2.4%, none 10.4% (2016 est.)
Demographic profile
Costa Rica's political stability, high standard of living, and well-developed social benefits system set it apart from its Central American neighbors. Through the government's sustained social spending - almost 20% of GDP annually - Costa Rica has made tremendous progress toward achieving its goal of providing universal access to education, healthcare, clean water, sanitation, and electricity. Since the 1970s, expansion of these services has led to a rapid decline in infant mortality, an increase in life expectancy at birth, and a sharp decrease in the birth rate. The average number of children born per women has fallen from about 7 in the 1960s to 3.5 in the early 1980s to below replacement level today. Costa Rica's poverty rate is lower than in most Latin American countries, but it has stalled at around 20% for almost two decades.Costa Rica is a popular regional immigration destination because of its job opportunities and social programs. Almost 9% of the population is foreign-born, with Nicaraguans comprising nearly three-quarters of the foreign population. Many Nicaraguans who perform unskilled seasonal labor enter Costa Rica illegally or overstay their visas, which continues to be a source of tension. Less than 3% of Costa Rica's population lives abroad. The overwhelming majority of expatriates have settled in the United States after completing a university degree or in order to work in a highly skilled field.
Age structure
0-14 years: 22.43%(male 572,172 /female 546,464)
15-24 years: 15.94%(male 405,515 /female 389,433)
25-54 years: 44.04%(male 1,105,944 /female 1,090,434)
55-64 years: 9.48%(male 229,928 /female 242,696)
65 years and over: 8.11%(male 186,531 /female 218,025) (2018 est.)
population pyramid:
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 45.4 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 32.4 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 12.9 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 7.7 (2015 est.)
Median age
total: 31.7 years (2018 est.)
male: 31.2 years
female: 32.2 years
country comparison to the world: 109
Population growth rate
1.13% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
Birth rate
15.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121
Death rate
4.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 200
Net migration rate
0.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
Population distribution
roughly half of the nation's population resides in urban areas; the capital of San Jose is the largest city and home to approximately one-fifth of the population
Urbanization
urban population: 80.1% of total population(2019)
rate of urbanization: 1.5% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)
Major urban areas - population
1.379 million SAN JOSE (capital) (2019)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2018 est.)
Maternal mortality rate
27 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116
Infant mortality rate
total: 7.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 8.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 7.1 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 153
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 78.9 years (2018 est.)
male: 76.2 years
female: 81.7 years
country comparison to the world: 55
Total fertility rate
1.89 children born/woman (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
Contraceptive prevalence rate
77.8% (2015)
Drinking water source
improved: urban: 99.6% of population
rural: 91.9% of population
total: 97.8% of population
unimproved: urban: 0.4% of population
rural: 8.1% of population
total: 2.2% of population (2015 est.)
Current Health Expenditure
7.6% (2016)
Physicians density
1.15 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
Hospital bed density
1.1 beds/1,000 population (2014)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: 95.2% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 92.3% of population (2015 est.)
total: 94.5% of population (2015 est.)
unimproved: urban: 4.8% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 7.7% of population (2015 est.)
total: 5.5% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate
0.4% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS
15,000 (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
HIV/AIDS - deaths
<500 (2018 est.)
Major infectious diseases
degree of risk: intermediate (2016)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea (2016)
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever (2016)
note: active local transmission of Zika virus by Aedes species mosquitoes has been identified in this country (as of August 2016); it poses an important risk (a large number of cases possible) among US citizens if bitten by an infective mosquito; other less common ways to get Zika are through sex, via blood transfusion, or during pregnancy, in which the pregnant woman passes Zika virus to her fetus
Obesity - adult prevalence rate
25.7% (2016)
country comparison to the world: 48
Education expenditures
7.4% of GDP (2017)
country comparison to the world: 10
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.8%
male: 97.7%
female: 97.8% (2015)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2016)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 20.6%
male: 17.6%
female: 25.9% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 65
Government
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Costa Rica
conventional short form: Costa Rica
local long form: Republica de Costa Rica
local short form: Costa Rica
etymology: the name means "rich coast" in Spanish and was first applied in the early colonial period of the 16th century
Government type
presidential republic
Capital
name: San Jose
geographic coordinates: 9 56 N, 84 05 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: named in honor of Saint Joseph
Administrative divisions
7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose
Independence
15 September 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday
Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Constitution
history: many previous; latest effective 8 November 1949
amendments: proposals require the signatures of at least 10 Legislative Assembly members or petition of at least 5% of qualified voters; consideration of proposals requires two-thirds majority approval in each of three readings by the Assembly, followed by preparation of the proposal as a legislative bill and its approval by simple majority of the Assembly; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly membership; a referendum is required only if approved by at least two thirds of the Assembly; amended many times, last in 2015 (2018)
Legal system
civil law system based on Spanish civil code; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: yes
citizenship by descent only: yes
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch
chief of state: President Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (since 8 May 2018); First Vice President Epsy CAMPBELL Barr (since 8 May 2018); Second Vice President Marvin RODRIGUEZ Cordero (since 8 May 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (since 8 May 2018); First Vice President Epsy CAMPBELL Barr (since 8 May 2018); Second Vice President Marvin RODRIGUEZ Cordero (since 8 May 2018)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president
elections/appointments: president and vice presidents directly elected on the same ballot by modified majority popular vote (40% threshold) for a 4-year term (eligible for non-consecutive terms); election last held on 4 February 2018 with a runoff on 1 April 2018 (next to be held in February 2022)
election results: Carlos ALVARADO Quesada elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Fabricio ALVARADO Munoz (PRN) 25%; Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (PAC) 21.6%; Antonio ALVAREZ (PLN) 18.6%; Rodolfo PIZA (PUSC) 16%; Juan Diego CASTRO (PIN) 9.5%; Rodolfo HERNANDEZ (PRS) 4.9%, other 4.4%; percent of vote in second round - Carlos ALVARADO Quesada (PAC) 60.7%; Fabricio ALVARADO Munoz (PRN) 39.3%
Legislative branch
description: unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (57 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - corresponding to the country's 7 provinces - by closed list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 4 February 2018 (next to be held in February 2022)
election results: percent of vote by party - PLN 19.5%, PRN 18.2%, PAC 16.3%, PUSC 14.6%, PIN 7.7%, PRS 4.2%, PFA 4%, ADC 2.5%, ML 2.3%, PASE 2.3%, PNG 2.2%, other 6.2%; seats by party - PLN 17, PRN 14, PAC 10, PUSC 9, PIN 4, PRS 2, PFA 1; composition - men 31, women 26, percent of women 45.6%
Judicial branch
highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice (consists of 22 judges organized into 3 cassation chambers each with 5 judges and the Constitutional Chamber with 7 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court of Justice judges elected by the National Assembly for 8-year terms with renewal decided by the National Assembly
subordinate courts: appellate courts; trial courts; first instance and justice of the peace courts; Superior Electoral Tribunal
Political parties and leaders
Accessibility Without Exclusion or PASE [Oscar Andres LOPEZ Arias]
Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or PFA [Ana Patricia MORA Castellanos]
Christian Democratic Alliance or ADC [Mario REDONDO Poveda]
Citizen Action Party or PAC [Marta Eugenia SOLANO Arias]
Costa Rican Renewal Party or PRC [Justo OROZCO Alvarez]
Libertarian Movement Party or ML [Victor Danilo CUBERO Corrales]
National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]
National Liberation Party or PLN [Jorge Julio PATTONI Saenz]
National Restoration Party or PRN [Carlos Luis AVENDANO Calvo]
New Generation or PNG [Sergio MENA]
Patriotic Alliance [Jorge ARAYA Westover]
Social Christian Republican Party or PRS [Dragos DOLANESCU Valenciano]
Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Pedro MUNOZ Fonseca]
International organization participation
BCIE, CACM, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US
Ambassador Fernando LLORCA Castro (since 17 September 2018)
chancery: 2114 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 480-2200
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4795
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Washington DC
consulate(s): Saint Paul (MN), San Juan (Puerto Rico), Tucson (AZ)
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Sharon DAY (since 5 October 2017)
telephone: [506] 2519-2000
embassy: Calle 98 Via 104, Pavas, San Jose
mailing address: APO AA 34020
FAX: [506] 2519-2305
Flag description
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk placed toward the hoist side of the red band; Costa Rica retained the earlier blue-white-blue flag of Central America until 1848 when, in response to revolutionary activity in Europe, it was decided to incorporate the French colors into the national flag and a central red stripe was added; today the blue color is said to stand for the sky, opportunity, and perseverance, white denotes peace, happiness, and wisdom, while red represents the blood shed for freedom, as well as the generosity and vibrancy of the people
note: somewhat resembles the flag of North Korea; similar to the flag of Thailand but with the blue and red colors reversed
National symbol(s)
yiguirro (clay-colored robin); national colors: blue, white, red
National anthem
name: "Himno Nacional de Costa Rica" (National Anthem of Costa Rica)
lyrics/music: Jose Maria ZELEDON Brenes/Manuel Maria GUTIERREZ
note: adopted 1949; the anthem's music was originally written for an 1853 welcome ceremony for diplomatic missions from the US and UK; the lyrics were added in 1903
Economy
Economy - overview
Since 2010, Costa Rica has enjoyed strong and stable economic growth - 3.8% in 2017. Exports of bananas, coffee, sugar, and beef are the backbone of its commodity exports. Various industrial and processed agricultural products have broadened exports in recent years, as have high value-added goods, including medical devices. Costa Rica's impressive biodiversity also makes it a key destination for ecotourism.Foreign investors remain attracted by the country's political stability and relatively high education levels, as well as the incentives offered in the free-trade zones; Costa Rica has attracted one of the highest levels of foreign direct investment per capita in Latin America. The US-Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), which became effective for Costa Rica in 2009, helped increase foreign direct investment in key sectors of the economy, including insurance and telecommunication. However, poor infrastructure, high energy costs, a complex bureaucracy, weak investor protection, and uncertainty of contract enforcement impede greater investment.Costa Rica’s economy also faces challenges due to a rising fiscal deficit, rising public debt, and relatively low levels of domestic revenue. Poverty has remained around 20-25% for nearly 20 years, and the government’s strong social safety net has eroded due to increased constraints on its expenditures. Costa Rica’s credit rating was downgraded from stable to negative in 2015 and again in 2017, upping pressure on lending rates - which could hurt small business, on the budget deficit - which could hurt infrastructure development, and on the rate of return on investment - which could soften foreign direct investment (FDI). Unlike the rest of Central America, Costa Rica is not highly dependent on remittances - which represented just 1 % of GDP in 2016, but instead relies on FDI - which accounted for 5.1% of GDP.
GDP (purchasing power parity)
$83.94 billion (2017 est.)
$81.27 billion (2016 est.)
$77.96 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 93
GDP (official exchange rate)
$58.27 billion (2017 est.)
GDP - real growth rate
3.3% (2017 est.)
4.2% (2016 est.)
3.6% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104
GDP - per capita (PPP)
$16,900 (2017 est.)
$16,600 (2016 est.)
$16,100 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 105
Gross national saving
15.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
16.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
15% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 64.2% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 17.3% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 17.1% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 1% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 33.3% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -32.9% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 5.5% (2017 est.)
industry: 20.6% (2017 est.)
services: 73.9% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - products
bananas, pineapples, coffee, melons, ornamental plants, sugar, corn, rice, beans, potatoes; beef, poultry, dairy; timber
Industries
medical equipment, food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products
Industrial production growth rate
1.3% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
Labor force
2.229 million (2017 est.)
note: official estimate; excludes Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica
country comparison to the world: 121
Labor force - by occupation
agriculture: 14%
industry: 22%
services: 64% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate
8.1% (2017 est.)
9.5% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
Population below poverty line
21.7% (2014 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 1.5%
highest 10%: 36.9% (2014 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index
48.5 (2014)
49.2 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 22
Budget
revenues: 8.357 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 11.92 billion (2017 est.)
Taxes and other revenues
14.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 200
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)
-6.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185
Public debt
48.9% of GDP (2017 est.)
44.9% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
Fiscal year
calendar year
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
1.6% (2017 est.)
0% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
Central bank discount rate
3.5% (31 December 2016 est.)
21.5% (31 December 2010)
country comparison to the world: 102
Commercial bank prime lending rate
11.37% (31 December 2017 est.)
11.64% (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
Stock of narrow money
$5.356 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$5.63 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
Stock of broad money
$5.356 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$5.63 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 103
Stock of domestic credit
$41.04 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$38.21 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
Market value of publicly traded shares
$2.015 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
$1.443 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
$1.445 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
Current account balance
-$1.692 billion (2017 est.)
-$1.326 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
Exports
$10.81 billion (2017 est.)
$10.15 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91
Exports - partners
US 40.9%, Belgium 6.3%, Panama 5.6%, Netherlands 5.6%, Nicaragua 5.1%, Guatemala 5% (2017)
Exports - commodities
bananas, pineapples, coffee, melons, ornamental plants, sugar; beef; seafood; electronic components, medical equipment
Imports
$15.15 billion (2017 est.)
$14.53 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90
Imports - commodities
raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum, construction materials
Imports - partners
US 38.1%, China 13.1%, Mexico 7.3% (2017)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$7.15 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$7.574 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
Debt - external
$26.83 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$24.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 86
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home
$33.92 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$31.84 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad
$4.007 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$3.781 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78
Exchange rates
Costa Rican colones (CRC) per US dollar -
573.5 (2017 est.)
544.74 (2016 est.)
544.74 (2015 est.)
534.57 (2014 est.)
538.32 (2013 est.)
Energy
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2016)
Electricity - production
10.79 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
Electricity - consumption
9.812 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98
Electricity - exports
643 million kWh (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
Electricity - imports
807 million kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
Electricity - installed generating capacity
3.584 million kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Electricity - from fossil fuels
18% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196
Electricity - from nuclear fuels
0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants
64% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
Electricity - from other renewable sources
18% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
Crude oil - production
0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 124
Crude oil - exports
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
Crude oil - imports
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 115
Crude oil - proved reserves
0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
Refined petroleum products - production
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 134
Refined petroleum products - consumption
53,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100
Refined petroleum products - exports
0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147
Refined petroleum products - imports
51,320 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80
Natural gas - production
0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
Natural gas - consumption
0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 136
Natural gas - exports
0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
Natural gas - imports
0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 111
Natural gas - proved reserves
0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 125
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy
7.653 million Mt (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 843,148
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 79
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 8,840,342
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 179 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88
Telephone system
general assessment: good domestic telephone service in terms of breadth of coverage; in recent years growth has been achieved from liberalistion of the telecom sector and has seen substantial expansion in all sectors; Costa Rica's broadband market is the most advanced in Central America, with the highest broadband penetration for this sub-region; broadband penetration does lag behind many South American countries; with the implementation of number portability there is greater opportunity for increased competition in the future (2018)
domestic: point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave, fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is available; 17 per 100 fixed-line, 179 per 100 mobile-cellular (2018)
international: country code - 506; landing points for the ARCOS-1, MAYA-1, and the PAC submarine cables that provide links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)
Broadcast media
multiple privately owned TV stations and 1 publicly owned TV station; cable network services are widely available; more than 100 privately owned radio stations and a public radio network (2017)
Internet country code
.cr
Internet users
total: 3,217,277
percent of population: 66% (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 744,059
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
Military and Security
Military and security forces
no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security commands the Public Forces of Costa Rica, which includes the Public Force (National Police), Anti-Drug Police, and National Coast Guard Service. (2019)
Transportation
National air transport system
number of registered air carriers: 1 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 39 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,617,075 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 9,284,160mt-km (2015)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
TI (2016)
Airports
161 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 35
Airports - with paved runways
total: 47 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 27 (2017)
under 914 m: 16 (2017)
Airports - with unpaved runways
total: 114 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 18 (2013)
under 914 m: 96 (2013)
Pipelines
662 km refined products (2013)
Railways
total: 278 km (2014)
narrow gauge: 278 km1.067-m gauge (2014)
note: the entire rail network fell into disrepair and out of use at the end of the 20th century; since 2005, certain sections of rail have been rehabilitated
country comparison to the world: 123
Roadways
total: 5,035 km (2017)
country comparison to the world: 143
Waterways
730 km(seasonally navigable by small craft) (2011)
country comparison to the world: 74
Merchant marine
total: 11
by type: general cargo 2, other 9 (2018)
country comparison to the world: 148
Ports and terminals
major seaport(s): Atlantic Ocean (Caribbean) - Puerto Limon
Pacific Ocean - Caldera
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international
Costa Rica and Nicaragua regularly file border dispute cases over the delimitations of the San Juan River and the northern tip of Calero Island to the International Court of Justice (ICJ); in 2009, the ICJ ruled that Costa Rican vessels carrying out police activities could not use the river, but official Costa Rican vessels providing essential services to riverside inhabitants and Costa Rican tourists could travel freely on the river; in 2011, the ICJ provisionally ruled that both countries must remove personnel from the disputed area; in 2013, the ICJ rejected Nicaragua's 2012 suit to halt Costa Rica's construction of a highway paralleling the river on the grounds of irreparable environmental damage; in 2013, the ICJ, regarding the disputed territory, ordered that Nicaragua should refrain from dredging or canal construction and refill and repair damage caused by trenches connecting the river to the Caribbean and upheld its 2010 ruling that Nicaragua must remove all personnel; in early 2014, Costa Rica brought Nicaragua to the ICJ over offshore oil concessions in the disputed region
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 21,628 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2019)
stateless persons: 82 (2018)
Trafficking in persons
current situation: Costa Rica is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Costa Rican women and children, as well as those from Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and other Latin American countries, are sex trafficked in Costa Rica; child sex tourism is a particular problem with offenders coming from the US and Europe; men and children from Central America, including indigenous Panamanians, and Asia are exploited in agriculture, construction, fishing, and commerce; Nicaraguans transit Costa Rica to reach Panama, where some are subjected to forced labor or sex trafficking
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Costa Rica does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts declined in 2014, with fewer prosecutions and no convictions and no actions taken against complicit government personnel; some officials conflated trafficking with smuggling, and authorities reported the diversion of funds to combat smuggling hindered anti-trafficking efforts; the government identified more victims than the previous year but did not make progress in ensuring that victims received adequate protective services; specialized services were limited and mostly provided by NGOs without government support, even from a dedicated fund for anti-trafficking efforts; victims services were virtually non-existent outside of the capital (2015)
Illicit drugs
transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South America; illicit production of cannabis in remote areas; domestic cocaine consumption, particularly crack cocaine, is rising; significant consumption of amphetamines; seizures of smuggled cash in Costa Rica and at the main border crossing to enter Costa Rica from Nicaragua have risen in recent years
