Djibouti

Introduction

Background

The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became Djibouti in 1977. Hassan Gouled APTIDON installed an authoritarian one-party state and proceeded to serve as president until 1999. Unrest among the Afar minority during the 1990s led to a civil war that ended in 2001 with a peace accord between Afar rebels and the Somali Issa-dominated government. In 1999, Djibouti's first multiparty presidential election resulted in the election of Ismail Omar GUELLEH as president; he was reelected to a second term in 2005 and extended his tenure in office via a constitutional amendment, which allowed him to serve a third term in 2011 and begin a fourth term in 2016. Djibouti occupies a strategic geographic location at the intersection of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Its ports handle 95% of Ethiopia’s trade. Djibouti’s ports also service transshipments between Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. The government holds longstanding ties to France, which maintains a military presence in the country, as does the US, Japan, Italy, Germany, Spain, and China.

Geography

Location

Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, between Eritrea and Somalia

Geographic coordinates

11 30 N, 43 00 E

Map references

Africa

Area

total: 23,200 sq km
land: 23,180 sq km
water: 20 sq km
country comparison to the world: 151

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries

total: 528 km
border countries (3): Eritrea 125 km, Ethiopia 342 km, Somalia 61 km

Coastline

314 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12nm
exclusive economic zone: 200nm
contiguous zone: 24nm

Climate

desert; torrid, dry

Terrain

coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains

Elevation

mean elevation: 430 m
lowest point: Lac Assal -155 m
highest point: Moussa Ali 2,021 m

Natural resources

potential geothermal power, gold, clay, granite, limestone, marble, salt, diatomite, gypsum, pumice, petroleum

Land use

agricultural land: 73.4% (2011 est.)
arable land: 0.1% (2011 est.)/permanent crops: 0% (2011 est.)/permanent pasture: 73.3% (2011 est.)
forest: 0.2% (2011 est.)
other: 26.4% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land

10 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

most densely populated areas are in the east; the largest city is Djibouti, with a population over 600,000; no other city in the country has a total population over 50,000

Natural hazards

earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods volcanism: experiences limited volcanic activity; Ardoukoba (298 m) last erupted in 1978; Manda-Inakir, located along the Ethiopian border, is also historically active

Environment - current issues

inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution; limited arable land; deforestation (forests threatened by agriculture and the use of wood for fuel); desertification; endangered species

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note

strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia; mostly wasteland; Lac Assal (Lake Assal) is the lowest point in Africa and the saltiest lake in the world

People and Society

Population

884,017 (July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162

Nationality

noun: Djiboutian(s)
adjective: Djiboutian

Ethnic groups

Somali 60%, Afar 35%, other 5% (mostly Yemeni Arab, also French, Ethiopian, and Italian)

Languages

French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar

Religions

Sunni Muslim 94% (nearly all Djiboutians), Christian 6% (mainly foreign-born residents)

Demographic profile

Djibouti is a poor, predominantly urban country, characterized by high rates of illiteracy, unemployment, and childhood malnutrition. More than 75% of the population lives in cities and towns (predominantly in the capital, Djibouti). The rural population subsists primarily on nomadic herding. Prone to droughts and floods, the country has few natural resources and must import more than 80% of its food from neighboring countries or Europe. Health care, particularly outside the capital, is limited by poor infrastructure, shortages of equipment and supplies, and a lack of qualified personnel. More than a third of health care recipients are migrants because the services are still better than those available in their neighboring home countries. The nearly universal practice of female genital cutting reflects Djibouti’s lack of gender equality and is a major contributor to obstetrical complications and its high rates of maternal and infant mortality. A 1995 law prohibiting the practice has never been enforced.Because of its political stability and its strategic location at the confluence of East Africa and the Gulf States along the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, Djibouti is a key transit point for migrants and asylum seekers heading for the Gulf States and beyond. Each year some hundred thousand people, mainly Ethiopians and some Somalis, journey through Djibouti, usually to the port of Obock, to attempt a dangerous sea crossing to Yemen. However, with the escalation of the ongoing Yemen conflict, Yemenis began fleeing to Djibouti in March 2015, with almost 20,000 arriving by August 2017. Most Yemenis remain unregistered and head for Djibouti City rather than seeking asylum at one of Djibouti’s three spartan refugee camps. Djibouti has been hosting refugees and asylum seekers, predominantly Somalis and lesser numbers of Ethiopians and Eritreans, at camps for 20 years, despite lacking potable water, food shortages, and unemployment.

Age structure

0-14 years: 30.71%(male 136,191 /female 135,263)
15-24 years: 21.01%(male 87,520 /female 98,239)
25-54 years: 39.63%(male 145,427 /female 204,927)
55-64 years: 4.82%(male 18,967 /female 23,639)
65 years and over: 3.83%(male 15,136 /female 18,708) (2018 est.)
population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 56.5 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 50.1 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 6.4 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 15.6 (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 24.2 years (2018 est.)
male: 22.4 years
female: 25.7 years
country comparison to the world: 165

Population growth rate

2.13% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42

Birth rate

23.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59

Death rate

7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109

Net migration rate

5.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21

Population distribution

most densely populated areas are in the east; the largest city is Djibouti, with a population over 600,000; no other city in the country has a total population over 50,000

Urbanization

urban population: 77.9% of total population(2019)
rate of urbanization: 1.67% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)

Major urban areas - population

569,000 DJIBOUTI (capital) (2019)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.71 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.8 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

248 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43

Infant mortality rate

total: 44.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 50.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 37.5 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 39

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 64 years (2018 est.)
male: 61.4 years
female: 66.6 years
country comparison to the world: 191

Total fertility rate

2.27 children born/woman (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 90

Contraceptive prevalence rate

19% (2012)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 97.4% of population
rural: 64.7% of population
total: 90% of population
unimproved: urban: 2.6% of population
rural: 35.3% of population
total: 10% of population (2015 est.)

Current Health Expenditure

3.5% (2016)

Physicians density

0.22 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density

1.4 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 59.8% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 5.1% of population (2015 est.)
total: 47.4% of population (2015 est.)
unimproved: urban: 40.2% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 94.9% of population (2015 est.)
total: 52.6% of population (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

1.2% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

8,800 (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105

HIV/AIDS - deaths

<500 (2018 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: high (2016)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever (2016)
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever (2016)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

13.5% (2016)
country comparison to the world: 131

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

29.9% (2012)
country comparison to the world: 10

Education expenditures

4.5% of GDP (2010)
country comparison to the world: 87

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 6 years
male: 7 years
female: 6 years (2011)

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Djibouti
conventional short form: Djibouti
local long form: Republique de Djibouti/Jumhuriyat Jibuti
local short form: Djibouti/Jibuti
former: French Somaliland, French Territory of the Afars and Issas
etymology: the country name derives from the capital city of Djibouti

Government type

presidential republic

Capital

name: Djibouti
geographic coordinates: 11 35 N, 43 09 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Administrative divisions

6 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); Ali Sabieh, Arta, Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjourah

Independence

27 June 1977 (from France)

National holiday

Independence Day, 27 June (1977)

Constitution

history: approved by referendum 4 September 1992
amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; Assembly consideration of proposals requires assent at least one third of the membership; passage requires a simple majority vote by the Assembly and approval by simple majority vote in a referendum; the president can opt to bypass a referendum if adopted by at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; constitutional articles on the sovereignty of Djibouti, its republican form of government, and its pluralist form of democracy cannot by amended; amended 2006, 2008, 2010 (2017)

Legal system

mixed legal system based primarily on the French civil code (as it existed in 1997), Islamic religious law (in matters of family law and successions), and customary law

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: the mother must be a citizen of Djibouti
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil MOHAMED (since 1 April 2013)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term; election last held on 8 April 2016 (next to be held by 2021); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Ismail Omar GUELLEH reelected president for a fourth term; percent of vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH (RPP) 87%, Omar Elmi KHAIREH (CDU) 7.3%, other 5.6%

Legislative branch

description: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale, formerly the Chamber of Deputies (65 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: last held on 23 February 2018 (next to be held in February 2023)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UMP 57, UDJ-PDD 7, CDU 1; composition - men 47, women 18, percent of women 26.7%

Judicial branch

highest courts: Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of NA magistrates); Constitutional Council (consists of 6 magistrates)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court magistrates appointed by the president with the advice of the Superior Council of the Magistracy CSM, a 10-member body consisting of 4 judges, 3 members (non parliamentarians and judges) appointed by the president, and 3 appointed by the National Assembly president or speaker; magistrates appointed for life with retirement at age 65; Constitutional Council magistrate appointments - 2 by the president of the republic, 2 by the president of the National Assembly, and 2 by the CSM; magistrates appointed for 8-year, non-renewable terms
subordinate courts: High Court of Appeal; 5 Courts of First Instance; customary courts; State Court (replaced sharia courts in 2003)

Political parties and leaders

Center for United Democrats or CDU [Ahmed Mohamed YOUSSOUF, chairman]
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]
Djibouti Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]
Front for Restoration of Unity and Democracy (Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique) or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD]
Movement for Democratic Renewal and Development [Daher Ahmed FARAH]
Movement for Development and Liberty or MoDel [Ismail Ahmed WABERI]
National Democratic Party or PND [Aden Robleh AWALEH]
People's Rally for Progress or RPP [Ismail Omar GUELLEH] (governing party)
Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Hasna Moumin BAHDON]
Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Aden Mohamed ABDOU, interim president]
Union for a Presidential Majority or UMP (coalition includes RPP, FRUD, PND, PPSD)
Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ [Ilya Ismail GUEDI Hared]

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU (candidates), COMESA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Mohamed Said DOUALEH (28 December 2016)
chancery: 1156 15th Street NW, Suite 515, Washington, DC 20005
telephone: [1] (202) 331-0270
FAX: [1] (202) 331-0302

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Larry Edward ANDRE, Jr. (since 20 November 2017)
telephone: [253] 21 45 30 00
embassy: Lot 350-B, Haramouss B. P. 185
mailing address: B.P. 185, Djibouti
FAX: [253] 21 45 31 29

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center; blue stands for sea and sky and the Issa Somali people; green symbolizes earth and the Afar people; white represents peace; the red star recalls the struggle for independence and stands for unity

National symbol(s)

red star; national colors: light blue, green, white, red

National anthem

name: "Jabuuti" (Djibouti)
lyrics/music: Aden ELMI/Abdi ROBLEH
note: adopted 1977

Economy

Economy - overview

Djibouti's economy is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location as a deepwater port on the Red Sea. Three-fourths of Djibouti's inhabitants live in the capital city; the remainder are mostly nomadic herders. Scant rainfall and less than 4% arable land limits crop production to small quantities of fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported.Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. Imports, exports, and reexports represent 70% of port activity at Djibouti's container terminal. Reexports consist primarily of coffee from landlocked neighbor Ethiopia. Djibouti has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. An official unemployment rate of nearly 40% - with youth unemployment near 80% - continues to be a major problem. Inflation was a modest 3% in 2014-2017, due to low international food prices and a decline in electricity tariffs.Djibouti’s reliance on diesel-generated electricity and imported food and water leave average consumers vulnerable to global price shocks, though in mid-2015 Djibouti passed new legislation to liberalize the energy sector. The government has emphasized infrastructure development for transportation and energy and Djibouti – with the help of foreign partners, particularly China – has begun to increase and modernize its port capacity. In 2017, Djibouti opened two of the largest projects in its history, the Doraleh Port and Djibouti-Addis Ababa Railway, funded by China as part of the "Belt and Road Initiative," which will increase the country’s ability to capitalize on its strategic location.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$3.64 billion (2017 est.)
$3.411 billion (2016 est.)
$3.203 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 183

GDP (official exchange rate)

$2.029 billion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

6.7% (2017 est.)
6.5% (2016 est.)
6.5% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$3,600 (2017 est.)
$3,400 (2016 est.)
$3,300 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 185

Gross national saving

22.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
38.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
19% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 56.5% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 29.2% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 41.8% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.3% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 38.6% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -66.4% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 2.4% (2017 est.)
industry: 17.3% (2017 est.)
services: 80.2% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

fruits, vegetables; goats, sheep, camels, animal hides

Industries

construction, agricultural processing, shipping

Industrial production growth rate

2.7% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112

Labor force

294,600 (2012)
country comparison to the world: 163

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: NA
industry: NA
services: NA

Unemployment rate

40% (2017 est.)
60% (2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 213

Population below poverty line

23% (2015 est.)
note: percent of population below $1.25 per day at purchasing power parity

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 30.9% (2002)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

40.9 (2002)
country comparison to the world: 60

Budget

revenues: 717 million (2017 est.)
expenditures: 899.2 million (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

35.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 205

Public debt

31.8% of GDP (2017 est.)
33.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161

Fiscal year

calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

0.7% (2017 est.)
2.7% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36

Commercial bank prime lending rate

11.3% (31 December 2017 est.)
11.45% (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 72

Stock of narrow money

$1.475 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.361 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143

Stock of broad money

$1.475 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.361 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151

Stock of domestic credit

$673.1 million (31 December 2017 est.)
$659.4 million (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172

Current account balance

-$280 million (2017 est.)
-$178 million (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102

Exports

(2017 est.)
$139.9 million (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192

Exports - partners

Ethiopia 38.8%, Somalia 17.1%, Qatar 9.1%, Brazil 8.9%, Yemen 4.9%, US 4.6% (2017)

Exports - commodities

reexports, hides and skins, scrap metal

Imports

$726.4 million (2017 est.)
$705.2 million (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192

Imports - commodities

foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, clothing

Imports - partners

UAE 25%, France 15.2%, Saudi Arabia 11%, China 9.6%, Ethiopia 6.8%, Yemen 4.6% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$547.7 million (31 December 2017 est.)
$398.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 148

Debt - external

$1.954 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.519 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$1.47 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.483 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 121

Exchange rates

Djiboutian francs (DJF) per US dollar -
177.7 (2017 est.)
177.72 (2016 est.)
177.72 (2015 est.)
177.72 (2014 est.)
177.72 (2013 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

population without electricity: 400,000 (2016)
electrification - total population: 51.8% (2016)
electrification - urban areas: 67.4% (2016)
electrification - rural areas: 2% (2016)

Electricity - production

405.5 million kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170

Electricity - consumption

377.1 million kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141

Electricity - installed generating capacity

130,300 kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175

Electricity - from fossil fuels

100% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 78

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 168

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 136

Refined petroleum products - consumption

6,360 bbl/day (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170

Refined petroleum products - exports

403 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112

Refined petroleum products - imports

6,692 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)
country comparison to the world: 127

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

950,200 Mt (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 36,582
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 4 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 163

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 373,052
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 43 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175

Telephone system

general assessment: telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate, as are the microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country; Djibouti is one of the few remaining countries in which the national telco, Djibouti Telecom (DT), has a monopoly on all telecom services, including fixed lines, mobile, Internet and broadband; the lack of competition has meant that the market has not lived up to its potential (2018)
domestic: Djibouti Telecom  (DT) is the sole provider of telecommunications services and utilizes mostly a microwave radio relay network; fiber-optic cable is installed in the capital; rural areas connected via wireless local loop radio systems; mobile cellular coverage is primarily limited to the area in and around Djibouti city; 4 per 100 fixed-line, 43 per 100 moblie-cellular (2018)
international: country code - 253; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 & 5, EASSy, Aden-Djibouti, Africa-1, DARE-1, EIG, MENA, Bridge International, PEACE Cable, and SEACOM fiber-optic submarine cable systems providing links to Asia, the Middle East, Europe, Southeast Asia, Australia and Africa; satellite earth stations - 2 (1 Intelsat - Indian Ocean and 1 Arabsat) (2019)

Broadcast media

state-owned Radiodiffusion-Television de Djibouti operates the sole terrestrial TV station, as well as the only 2 domestic radio networks; no private TV or radio stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are available (2019)

Internet country code

.dj

Internet users

total: 111,212
percent of population: 13.1% (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 24,389
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147

Military and Security

Military and security forces

Djibouti Armed Forces (FAD): Djibouti National Army (includes Navy, Djiboutian Air Force, National Gendarmerie); Djibouti Coast Guard (2019)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for voluntary military service; 16-25 years of age for voluntary military training; no conscription (2012)

Maritime threats

the International Maritime Bureau reports offshore waters in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden remain a high risk for piracy; the presence of several naval task forces in the Gulf of Aden and additional anti-piracy measures on the part of ship operators, including the use of on-board armed security teams, contributed to the drop in incidents; there was one incident in the Gulf of Aden and none in the Red Sea in 2018; Operation Ocean Shield, the NATO/EUNAVFOR naval task force established in 2009 to combat Somali piracy, concluded its operations in December 2016 as a result of the drop in reported incidents over the last few years; the EU naval mission, Operation ATALANTA, continues its operations in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean through 2020; naval units from Japan, India, and China also operate in conjunction with EU forces; China has established a logistical base in Djibouti to support its deployed naval units in the Horn of Africa

Transportation

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 2 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 4 (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

J2 (2016)

Airports

13 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 151

Airports - with paved runways

total: 3 (2017)
over 3,047 m: 1 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 10 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 7 (2013)
under 914 m: 2 (2013)

Railways

total: 97 km(Djibouti segment of the 756 km Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway) (2017)
standard gauge: 97 km1.435-m gauge (2017)
country comparison to the world: 127

Roadways

total: 2,893 km (2013)
country comparison to the world: 159

Merchant marine

total: 15
by type: other 15 (2018)
country comparison to the world: 144

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Djibouti

Terrorism

Terrorist groups - foreign based

al-Shabaab: aim(s): punish Djibouti for participating in the African Union Mission in Somalia; compel Djibouti to withdraw troops from Somalia
area(s) of operation: maintains minimal operational presence; last conducted an attack in Djibouti in 2014 (2019)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with "Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to various factions in Somalia; Kuwait is chief investor in the 2008 restoration and upgrade of the Ethiopian-Djibouti rail link; in 2008, Eritrean troops moved across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupied Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 13,242 (Somalia) (2019)

Trafficking in persons

current situation: Djibouti is a transit, source, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; economic migrants from East Africa en route to Yemen and other Middle East locations are vulnerable to exploitation in Djibouti; some women and girls may be forced into domestic servitude or prostitution after reaching Djibouti City, the Ethiopia-Djibouti trucking corridor, or Obock – the main crossing point into Yemen; Djiboutian and foreign children may be forced to beg, to work as domestic servants, or to commit theft and other petty crimes
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Djibouti does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; in 2014, Djibouti was granted a waiver from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 because its government has a written plan that, if implemented would constitute making significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; one forced labor trafficker was convicted in 2014 but received a suspended sentence inadequate to deter trafficking; authorities did not investigate or prosecute any other forced labor crimes, any sex trafficking offenses, or any officials complicit in human trafficking, and remained limited in their ability to recognize or protect trafficking victims; official round-ups, detentions, and deportations of non-Djiboutian residents, including children without screening for trafficking victims remained routine; the government did not provide care to victims but supported local NGOs operating centers that assisted victims (2015)

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