Slovenia

Introduction

Background

The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia was one of the republics in the restored Yugoslavia, which, though communist, soon distanced itself from the Soviet Union and spearheaded the Non-Aligned Movement. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a growing economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's postcommunist transition. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen zone in 2007.

Geography

Location

south Central Europe, Julian Alps between Austria and Croatia

Geographic coordinates

46 07 N, 14 49 E

Map references

Europe

Area

total: 20,273 sq km
land: 20,151 sq km
water: 122 sq km
country comparison to the world: 155

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries

total: 1,211 km
border countries (4): Austria 299 km, Croatia 600 km, Hungary 94 km, Italy 218 km

Coastline

46.6 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12nm

Climate

Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Terrain

a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east

Elevation

mean elevation: 492 m
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Triglav 2,864 m

Natural resources

lignite, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests

Land use

agricultural land: 22.8% (2011 est.)
arable land: 8.4% (2011 est.)/permanent crops: 1.3% (2011 est.)/permanent pasture: 13.1% (2011 est.)
forest: 62.3% (2011 est.)
other: 14.9% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land

60 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere

Natural hazards

flooding; earthquakes

Environment - current issues

air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry; water pollution; biodiversity protection

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note

despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes

People and Society

Population

2,102,126 (July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147

Nationality

noun: Slovene(s)
adjective: Slovenian

Ethnic groups

Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 est.)

Languages

Slovenian (official) 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4%, Italian (official, only in municipalities where Italian national communities reside), Hungarian (official, only in municipalities where Hungarian national communities reside) (2002 census)

Religions

Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 census)

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.8%(male 159,700 /female 151,351)
15-24 years: 9.1%(male 98,856 /female 92,407)
25-54 years: 41.71%(male 458,826 /female 417,875)
55-64 years: 14.26%(male 149,714 /female 150,045)
65 years and over: 20.14%(male 180,080 /female 243,272) (2018 est.)
population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 48.7 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 21.9 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 26.8 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.7 (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 44.2 years (2018 est.)
male: 42.7 years
female: 46 years
country comparison to the world: 13

Population growth rate

0.03% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188

Birth rate

9.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 204

Death rate

9.9 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39

Net migration rate

1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere

Urbanization

urban population: 54.8% of total population(2019)
rate of urbanization: 0.56% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)

Major urban areas - population

286,000 LJUBLJANA (capital) (2018)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.1 years (2014 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156

Infant mortality rate

total: 1.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 1.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 1.5 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 224

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 81.2 years (2018 est.)
male: 78.3 years
female: 84.2 years
country comparison to the world: 32

Total fertility rate

1.58 children born/woman (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 185

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 99.7% of population
rural: 99.4% of population
total: 99.5% of population
unimproved: urban: 0.3% of population
rural: 0.6% of population
total: 0.5% of population (2015 est.)

Current Health Expenditure

8.5% (2016)

Physicians density

2.81 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density

4.6 beds/1,000 population (2013)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 99.1% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 99.1% of population (2015 est.)
total: 99.1% of population (2015 est.)
unimproved: urban: 0.9% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 0.9% of population (2015 est.)
total: 0.9% of population (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

<.1% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

<1000 (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

<100 (2018 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

20.2% (2016)
country comparison to the world: 104

Education expenditures

4.8% of GDP (2016)
country comparison to the world: 75

Literacy

definition: NA
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.7% (2015)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 17 years
male: 17 years
female: 18 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 11.2%
male: 9.9%
female: 13% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia
conventional short form: Slovenia
local long form: Republika Slovenija
local short form: Slovenija
former: People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia
etymology: related to the Slavic autonym (self-designation) "Slovenin," a derivation from "slovo" (meaning "word"), denoting "people who speak (the same language)" (i.e., people who understand each other)

Government type

parliamentary republic

Capital

name: Ljubljana
geographic coordinates: 46 03 N, 14 31 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word "ljubljena" meaning "beloved"

Administrative divisions

201 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina) municipalities: Ajdovscina, Ankaran, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica,;Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sevnica, Sezana, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Salovci, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sostanj, Store, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zrece, Zuzemberk; urban municipalities: Celje, Koper-Capodistria, Kranj, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ptuj, Slovenj Gradec, Velenje

Independence

25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

National holiday

Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)

Constitution

history: previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991
amendments: proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2015 (2016)

Legal system

civil law system

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovenia; both parents if the child is born outside of Slovenia
dual citizenship recognized: yes, for select cases
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years, the last 5 of which have been continuous

Suffrage

18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President Borut PAHOR (since 22 December 2012)
head of government: Prime Minister Marjan SAREC (since 13 September 2018); note - Miro CERAR resigned on 14 March 2018; an early parliamentary election was held on 3 June 2018, but President PAHOR did not nominate a new prime minister because no party had majority support in the parliament; parliament nominated and then approved Marjan SAREC as prime minister-designate on 17 August 2018
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 22 October with a runoff on 12 November 2017 (next election to be held by November 2022); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually nominated prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly
election results: Borut PAHOR is reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Borut PAHOR (independent) 47.1%, Marjan SAREC (Marjan Sarec List) 25%, Romana TOMC (SDS) 13.7%, Ljudmila NOVAK (NSi) 7.2%, other 7%; percent of vote in second round - Borut PAHOR 52.9%, Marjan SAREC 47.1%; Marjan SAREC (LMS) elected prime minister; National Assembly vote - 55-31

Legislative branch

description: bicameral Parliament consists of:
National Council or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve 5-year terms); note - the Council is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative powers
National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 88 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected in special constituencies for Italian and Hungarian minorities by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections:
National Council - last held on 22 November 2017 (next to be held in 2022)
National Assembly - last held on 3 June 2018 (next to be held no later than 2022)
election results:
National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 36, women 4, percent of women 10%
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SDS 24.9%, LMS 12.7%, SD 9.9%, SMC 9.8%, Levica 9.3%, NSi 7.1%, Stranka AB 5.1%, DeSUS 4.9%, SNS 4.2%, other 12.1%; seats by party - SDS 25, LMS 13, SD 10, SMC 10, Levica 9, NSi 7, Stranka AB 5, DeSUS 5, SNS 4, Italian and Hungarian minorities 2; composition - men 68, women 22, percent of women 24.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 20%

Judicial branch

highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms
subordinate courts: county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Karl ERJAVEC]
List of Marjan Sarec or LMS [Marjan SAREC]
Modern Center Party or SMC [Miro CERAR]
New Slovenia or NSi [Matej TONIN]
Party of Alenka Bratusek or Stranka AB [Alenka BRATUSEK] (formerly Alliance of Social Liberal Democrats or ZSD and before that Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB)
Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA]
Slovenian National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC Plemeniti]
Social Democrats or SD [Dejan ZIDAN]
The Left or Levica [Luka MESEC] (successor to United Left or ZL)

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Stanislav VIDOVIC (since 21 July 2017)
chancery: 2410 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 386-6601
FAX: [1] (202) 386-6633
consulate(s) general: Cleveland (OH)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Lynda C. BLANCHARD (since 29 August 2019)
telephone: [386] (1) 200-5500
embassy: Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana
mailing address: American Embassy Ljubljana, US Department of State, 7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140
FAX: [386] (1) 200-5555

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the prominent Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands

National symbol(s)

Mount Triglav; national colors: white, blue, red

National anthem

name: "Zdravljica" (A Toast)
lyrics/music: France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL
note: adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism

Economy

Economy - overview

With excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe, Slovenia has one of the highest per capita GDPs in Central Europe, despite having suffered a protracted recession in the 2008-09 period in the wake of the global financial crisis. Slovenia became the first 2004 EU entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced a stable political and economic transition.In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. From 2014 to 2016, export-led growth, fueled by demand in larger European markets, pushed annual GDP growth above 2.3%. Growth reached 5.0% in 2017 and is projected to near or reach 5% in 2018. What used to be stubbornly high unemployment fell below 5.5% in early 2018, driven by strong exports and increasing consumption that boosted labor demand. Continued fiscal consolidation through increased tax collection and social security contributions will likely result in a balanced government budget in 2019.Prime Minister Cerar’s government took office in September 2014, pledging to press ahead with commitments to privatize a select group of state-run companies, rationalize public spending, and further stabilize the banking sector. Efforts to privatize Slovenia’s largely state-owned banking sector have largely stalled, however, amid concerns about an ongoing dispute over Yugoslav-era foreign currency deposits.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$71.23 billion (2017 est.)
$67.84 billion (2016 est.)
$65.77 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 99

GDP (official exchange rate)

$48.87 billion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

5% (2017 est.)
3.1% (2016 est.)
2.3% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$34,500 (2017 est.)
$32,900 (2016 est.)
$31,900 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 58

Gross national saving

26.4% of GDP (2017 est.)
24.2% of GDP (2016 est.)
23.9% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 52.6% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 18.2% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 18.4% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.1% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 82.3% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -72.6% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 1.8% (2017 est.)
industry: 32.2% (2017 est.)
services: 65.9% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

hops, wheat, coffee, corn, apples, pears; cattle, sheep, poultry

Industries

ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Industrial production growth rate

8.6% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22

Labor force

959,000 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 5.5%
industry: 31.2%
services: 63.3% (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

6.6% (2017 est.)
8% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 98

Population below poverty line

13.9% (2016 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 3.8%
highest 10%: 20.1% (2016)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

24.4 (2016)
24.5 (2015)
country comparison to the world: 154

Budget

revenues: 21.07 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 21.06 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

43.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

0% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46

Public debt

73.6% of GDP (2017 est.)
78.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds
country comparison to the world: 44

Fiscal year

calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.4% (2017 est.)
-0.1% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80

Central bank discount rate

0% (31 December 2017)
0% (16 March 2016)
note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area
country comparison to the world: 161

Commercial bank prime lending rate

2.59% (31 December 2017 est.)
2.81% (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 180

Stock of narrow money

$21.53 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$16.54 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
note: see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders
country comparison to the world: 68

Stock of broad money

$21.53 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$16.54 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69

Stock of domestic credit

$35.34 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$30.23 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75

Market value of publicly traded shares

$6.328 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$5.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$5.94 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82

Current account balance

$3.475 billion (2017 est.)
$2.461 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33

Exports

$32.14 billion (2017 est.)
$27.65 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62

Exports - partners

Germany 18.9%, Italy 10.7%, Austria 7.4%, Croatia 7.1%, France 4.8%, Poland 4.2%, Hungary 4.2% (2017)

Exports - commodities

manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food

Imports

$30.38 billion (2017 est.)
$25.95 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food

Imports - partners

Germany 16.5%, Italy 13.5%, Austria 9.3%, Turkey 5.8%, Croatia 4.8%, China 4.5% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$889.9 million (31 December 2017 est.)
$853 million (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 135

Debt - external

$46.3 billion (31 January 2017 est.)
$48.2 billion (31 January 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$19.23 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$14.83 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 80

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$9.914 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$7.837 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.885 (2017 est.)
0.903 (2016 est.)
0.9214 (2015 est.)
0.885 (2014 est.)
0.7634 (2013 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Electricity - production

15.46 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88

Electricity - consumption

13.4 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84

Electricity - exports

7.972 billion kWh (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26

Electricity - imports

8.359 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29

Electricity - installed generating capacity

3.536 million kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95

Electricity - from fossil fuels

37% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

20% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

34% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63

Electricity - from other renewable sources

9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 84

Crude oil - production

5 bbl/day (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 100

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 194

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 202

Refined petroleum products - consumption

52,140 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102

Refined petroleum products - exports

29,350 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63

Refined petroleum products - imports

93,060 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 56

Natural gas - production

8 million cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94

Natural gas - consumption

906.1 million cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94

Natural gas - exports

2.832 million cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55

Natural gas - imports

906.1 million cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62

Natural gas - proved reserves

NA cu m (2017 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

14.37 million Mt (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 94

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 717,235
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 2,443,172
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 124 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145

Telephone system

general assessment: well-developed telecommunications infrastructure; four mobile network operators; regulatory intervention has improved; trials for use of 5G; unbundles fiber infrastructure; FttP to 90% of population by 2020 (2018)
domestic: fixed-line 36 per 100 and mobile-cellular 124 per 100 teledensity (2018)
international: country code - 386 (2016)

Broadcast media

public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations

Internet country code

.si

Internet users

total: 1,493,382
percent of population: 75.5% (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 601,821
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77

Military and Security

Military expenditures

1.04% of GDP (2019 est.)
1.01% of GDP (2018)
0.98% of GDP (2017)
1.01% of GDP (2016)
0.93% of GDP (2015)
country comparison to the world: 113

Military and security forces

Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV):  Structured as a combined Force Command with air, land, logistical, maritime, support, and training components (2019)

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2012)

Transportation

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 2 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 35 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,130,637 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,349,442mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

S5 (2016)

Airports

16 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 144

Airports - with paved runways

total: 7 (2013)
over 3,047 m: 1 (2013)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2013)
under 914 m: 1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 9 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2013)
under 914 m: 5 (2013)

Pipelines

1155 km gas, 5 km oil (2017)

Railways

total: 1,229 km (2014)
standard gauge: 1,229 km1.435-m gauge (503 km electrified) (2014)
country comparison to the world: 86

Roadways

total: 38,985 km (2012)
paved: 38,985 km(includes 769 km of expressways) (2012)
country comparison to the world: 90

Waterways

(some transport on the Drava River) (2012)

Merchant marine

total: 8
by type: other 8 (2018)
country comparison to the world: 158

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Koper

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piran Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led Slovenia to lift its objections to Croatia joining the EU; in June 2017 the arbitration panel issued a ruling on the border that Croatia has not implemented; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements

Refugees and internally displaced persons

note:   501,708 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-November 2019); migration through the Western Balkans has decreased significantly since March 2016; Slovenia is predominantly a transit country and hosts approximately 300 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018

Illicit drugs

minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals

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