Spain

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Introduction

Background

Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries ultimately yielded command of the seas to England. Subsequent failure to embrace the mercantile and industrial revolutions caused the country to fall behind Britain, France, and Germany in economic and political power. Spain remained neutral in World War I and II, but suffered through a devastating civil war (1936-39). A peaceful transition to democracy following the death of dictator Francisco FRANCO in 1975, and rapid economic modernization (Spain joined the EU in 1986) gave Spain a dynamic and rapidly growing economy, and made it a global champion of freedom and human rights. More recently, Spain has emerged from a severe economic recession that began in mid-2008, posting four straight years of GDP growth above the EU average. Unemployment has fallen, but remains high, especially among youth. Spain is the Eurozone's fourth largest economy. The country has faced increased domestic turmoil in recent years due to the independence movement in its restive Catalonia region.

Geography

Location

Southwestern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Bay of Biscay, and Pyrenees Mountains; southwest of France

Geographic coordinates

40 00 N, 4 00 W

Map references

Europe

Area

total: 505,370 sq km
land: 498,980 sq km
water: 6,390 sq km
note: there are two autonomous cities - Ceuta and Melilla - and 17 autonomous communities including Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, and three small Spanish possessions off the coast of Morocco - Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera
country comparison to the world: 53

Area - comparative

almost five times the size of Kentucky; slightly more than twice the size of Oregon

Land boundaries

total: 1,952.7 km
border countries (6): Andorra 63 km, France 646 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1224 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 8 km, Morocco (Melilla) 10.5 km
note: an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera

Coastline

4,964 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12nm
exclusive economic zone: 200nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean)
contiguous zone: 24nm

Climate

temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Terrain

large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees Mountains in north

Elevation

mean elevation: 660 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m

Natural resources

coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land

Land use

agricultural land: 54.1% (2011 est.)
arable land: 24.9% (2011 est.)/permanent crops: 9.1% (2011 est.)/permanent pasture: 20.1% (2011 est.)
forest: 36.8% (2011 est.)
other: 9.1% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land

38,000 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

with the notable exception of Madrid, Sevilla, and Zaragoza, the largest urban agglomerations are found along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts; numerous smaller cities are spread throughout the interior reflecting Spain's agrarian heritage; very dense settlement around the capital of Madrid, as well as the port city of Barcelona

Natural hazards

periodic droughts, occasional flooding volcanism: volcanic activity in the Canary Islands, located off Africa's northwest coast; Teide (3,715 m) has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; La Palma (2,426 m), which last erupted in 1971, is the most active of the Canary Islands volcanoes; Lanzarote is the only other historically active volcano

Environment - current issues

pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation; desertification

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note

strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar; Spain controls a number of territories in northern Morocco including the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas

People and Society

Population

49,331,076 (July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28

Nationality

noun: Spaniard(s)
adjective: Spanish

Ethnic groups

Spanish 86.4%, Morocco 1.8%, Romania 1.3%, other 10.5% (2018 est.)
note: data represent population by country of birth

Languages

Castilian Spanish (official nationwide) 74%, Catalan (official in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and the Valencian Community (where it is known as Valencian)) 17%, Galician (official in Galicia) 7%, Basque (official in the Basque Country and in the Basque-speaking area of Navarre) 2%, Aranese (official in the northwest corner of Catalonia (Vall d'Aran) along with Catalan, <5,000 speakers)
note: Aragonese, Aranese Asturian, Basque, Calo, Catalan, Galician, and Valencian are recognized as regional languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

Religions

Roman Catholic 68.9%, atheist 11.3%, agnostic 7.6%, other 2.8%, non-believer 8.2%, unspecified 1.1% (2019 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.29%(male 3,879,229 /female 3,664,016)
15-24 years: 9.65%(male 2,458,486 /female 2,299,523)
25-54 years: 44.54%(male 11,208,598 /female 10,762,651)
55-64 years: 12.38%(male 2,980,206 /female 3,125,949)
65 years and over: 18.15%(male 3,833,601 /female 5,118,817) (2018 est.)
population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 51 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 22.5 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 28.5 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 3.5 (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 43.1 years (2018 est.)
male: 41.9 years
female: 44.3 years
country comparison to the world: 21

Population growth rate

0.73% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137

Birth rate

9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 205

Death rate

9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59

Net migration rate

7.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13

Population distribution

Urbanization

urban population: 80.6% of total population(2019)
rate of urbanization: 0.33% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)
note: data include Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla

Major urban areas - population

6.559 million MADRID (capital), 5.541 million Barcelona, 832,000 Valencia (2019)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

30.7 years (2015 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

4 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174

Infant mortality rate

total: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.9 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 207

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 81.8 years (2018 est.)
male: 78.8 years
female: 85 years
country comparison to the world: 23

Total fertility rate

1.5 children born/woman (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 196

Contraceptive prevalence rate

70.9% (2016)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

Current Health Expenditure

9% (2016)

Physicians density

4.07 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

Hospital bed density

3 beds/1,000 population (2013)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 99.8% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 100% of population (2015 est.)
total: 99.9% of population (2015 est.)
unimproved: urban: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 0% of population (2015 est.)
total: 0.1% of population (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.3% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

150,000 (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36

HIV/AIDS - deaths

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

23.8% (2016)
country comparison to the world: 62

Education expenditures

4.2% of GDP (2016)
country comparison to the world: 94

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98.3%
male: 98.8%
female: 97.7% (2016)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 18 years
male: 18 years
female: 18 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 38.6%
male: 39.5%
female: 37.4% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
conventional short form: Spain
local long form: Reino de Espana
local short form: Espana
etymology: derivation of the name "Espana" is uncertain, but may come from the Phoenician term "span," related to the word "spy," meaning "to forge metals," so, "i-spn-ya" would mean "place where metals are forged"; the ancient Phoenicians long exploited the Iberian Peninsula for its mineral wealth

Government type

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Capital

name: Madrid
geographic coordinates: 40 24 N, 3 41 W
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
note: Spain has two time zones, including the Canary Islands (UTC 0)

etymology: the Romans named the original settlement "Matrice" after the river that ran through it; under Arab rule it became "Majerit," meaning "source of water"; in medieval Romance dialects (Mozarabic) it became "Matrit," which over time changed to "Madrid"

Administrative divisions

17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma) and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia; Aragon; Asturias; Canarias (Canary Islands); Cantabria; Castilla-La Mancha; Castilla-Leon; Cataluna (Castilian), Catalunya (Catalan), Catalonha (Aranese) [Catalonia]; Ceuta*; Comunidad Valenciana (Castilian), Comunitat Valenciana (Valencian) [Valencian Community]; Extremadura; Galicia; Illes Baleares (Balearic Islands); La Rioja; Madrid; Melilla*; Murcia; Navarra (Castilian), Nafarroa (Basque) [Navarre]; Pais Vasco (Castilian), Euskadi (Basque) [Basque Country]
note: the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all along the coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania)

Independence

1492; the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century A.D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain

National holiday

National Day (Hispanic Day), 12 October (1492); note - commemorates the arrival of COLUMBUS in the Americas

Constitution

history: previous 1812; latest approved by the General Courts 31 October 1978, passed by referendum 6 December 1978, signed by the king 27 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
amendments: proposed by the government, by the General Courts (the Congress or the Senate), or by the self-governing communities submitted through the government; passage requires three-fifths majority vote by both houses and passage by referendum if requested by one tenth of the members of either house; proposals disapproved by both houses are submitted to a joint committee, which submits an agreed upon text for another vote; passage requires two-thirds majority vote in Congress and simple majority vote in the Senate; amended 1992, 2007, 2011 (2016)

Legal system

civil law system with regional variations

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Spain
dual citizenship recognized: only with select Latin American countries
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years for persons with no ties to Spain

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: King FELIPE VI (since 19 June 2014); Heir Apparent Princess LEONOR, Princess of Asturias (daughter of the monarch, born 31 October 2005)
head of government: President of the Government (Prime Minister-equivalent) Pedro SANCHEZ Perez-Castejon (since 2 June 2018); Vice President (and Minister of the President's Office) Maria del Carmen CALVO Poyato (since 7 June 2018)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the monarch usually proposes as president the leader of the party or coalition with the largest majority of seats, who is then indirectly elected by the Congress of Deputies; election last held on 28 April 2019 (next to be held on April 2022); vice president and Council of Ministers appointed by the president
election results: percent of National Assembly vote - NA
note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government, but its recommendations are non-binding

Legislative branch

description: bicameral General Courts or Las Cortes Generales consists of:
Senate or Senado (266 seats; 208 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 58 members indirectly elected by the legislatures of the autonomous communities; members serve 4-year terms)
Congress of Deputies or Congreso de los Diputados (350 seats; 348 members directly elected in 50 multi-seat constituencies by closed-list proportional representation vote, with a 3% threshold needed to gain a seat, and 2 directly elected from the North African Ceuta and Melilla enclaves by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms or until the government is dissolved)
elections:
Senate - last held on 28 April 2019 (next to be held no later than April 2023)
Congress of Deputies - last held on 28 April 2019 (next to be held no later than April 2023)
election results:
Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PSOE 121, PP 56, EKC 11, EAJ/PNV 9, C's 4, other 7; composition - men 169, women 97
Congress of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSOE 28.7%, PP 16.7%, C's 15.9%, Unidos Podemos 14.3%, Vox 10.3%, ERC 3.9%, other 26.1%; seats by party - PSOE 123, PP 66, C's 57, Unidos Podemos 42, Vox 24, ERC 15, other 23; composition - men 184, women 166; percent of women 47.5%; note - total General Courts percent of women 42.7%

Judicial branch

highest courts: Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo (consists of the court president and organized into the Civil Room, with a president and 9 judges; the Penal Room, with a president and 14 judges; the Administrative Room, with a president and 32 judges; the Social Room, with a president and 12 judges; and the Military Room, with a president and 7 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional de Espana (consists of 12 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the monarch from candidates proposed by the General Council of the Judiciary Power, a 20-member governing board chaired by the monarch that includes presidential appointees, lawyers, and jurists confirmed by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Assembly, executive branch, and the General Council of the Judiciary, and appointed by the monarch for 9-year terms
subordinate courts: National High Court; High Courts of Justice (in each of the autonomous communities); provincial courts; courts of first instance

Political parties and leaders

Asturias Forum or FAC [Carmen MORIYON]
Basque Country Unite (Euskal Herria Bildu) or EH Bildu (coalition of 4 Basque pro-independence parties)
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV or EAJ [Andoni ORTUZAR]
Canarian Coalition or CC [Ana ORAMAS] (coalition of 5 parties)
Junts per Catalunia or JxCat [Carles PUIDGEMONT]
Ciudadanos Party or C's [Albert RIVERA]
Compromis - Communist Coalition [Joan BALDOVI]
New Canary or NCa [Pedro QUEVEDOS]
Unidas Podemos [Pablo IGLESIAS Turrion] (formerly Podemos IU; electoral coalition formed for May 2016 election)
People's Party or PP [Pablo CASADO]
Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC [Oriol JUNQUERAS i Vies]
Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE [Pedro SANCHEZ]
JxCat-Junts Together for Catalonia [Jordi SANCHEZ]
Union of People of Navarra or UPN [Javier ESPARZA]
Navarra Suma (electoral Coaltion formed by Navarrese People's Union (UPN), Ciudadanos (C's), and the Popular Partty (PP) ahead of the 2019 election)
Vox or Vox [Santiago ABASCAL]

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BCIE, BIS, CAN (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNOCI, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Santiago CABANAS Ansorena (since 17 September 2018)
chancery: 2375 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 452-0100, 728-2340
FAX: [1] (202) 833-5670
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
consulate(s): Kansas City (MO)

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Richard Duke BUCHAN III (since 18 January 2018) note - also accredited to Andorra
telephone: [34] (91) 587-2200
embassy: Calle de Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid
mailing address: PSC 61, APO AE 09642
FAX: [34] (91) 587-2303
consulate(s) general: Barcelona

Flag description

three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms is quartered to display the emblems of the traditional kingdoms of Spain (clockwise from upper left, Castile, Leon, Navarre, and Aragon) while Granada is represented by the stylized pomegranate at the bottom of the shield; the arms are framed by two columns representing the Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar; the red scroll across the two columns bears the imperial motto of "Plus Ultra" (further beyond) referring to Spanish lands beyond Europe; the triband arrangement with the center stripe twice the width of the outer dates to the 18th century
note: the red and yellow colors are related to those of the oldest Spanish kingdoms: Aragon, Castile, Leon, and Navarre

National symbol(s)

Pillars of Hercules; national colors: red, yellow

National anthem

name: "Himno Nacional Espanol" (National Anthem of Spain)
lyrics/music: no lyrics/unknown
note: officially in use between 1770 and 1931, restored in 1939; the Spanish anthem is the first anthem to be officially adopted, but it has no lyrics; in the years prior to 1931 it became known as "Marcha Real" (The Royal March); it first appeared in a 1761 military bugle call book and was replaced by "Himno de Riego" in the years between 1931 and 1939; the long version of the anthem is used for the king, while the short version is used for the prince, prime minister, and occasions such as sporting events

Economy

Economy - overview

After a prolonged recession that began in 2008 in the wake of the global financial crisis, Spain marked the fourth full year of positive economic growth in 2017, with economic activity surpassing its pre-crisis peak, largely because of increased private consumption. The financial crisis of 2008 broke 16 consecutive years of economic growth for Spain, leading to an economic contraction that lasted until late 2013. In that year, the government successfully shored up its struggling banking sector - heavily exposed to the collapse of Spain’s real estate boom - with the help of an EU-funded restructuring and recapitalization program.Until 2014, contraction in bank lending, fiscal austerity, and high unemployment constrained domestic consumption and investment. The unemployment rate rose from a low of about 8% in 2007 to more than 26% in 2013, but labor reforms prompted a modest reduction to 16.4% in 2017. High unemployment strained Spain's public finances, as spending on social benefits increased while tax revenues fell. Spain’s budget deficit peaked at 11.4% of GDP in 2010, but Spain gradually reduced the deficit to about 3.3% of GDP in 2017. Public debt has increased substantially – from 60.1% of GDP in 2010 to nearly 96.7% in 2017.Strong export growth helped bring Spain's current account into surplus in 2013 for the first time since 1986 and sustain Spain’s economic growth. Increasing labor productivity and an internal devaluation resulting from moderating labor costs and lower inflation have improved Spain’s export competitiveness and generated foreign investor interest in the economy, restoring FDI flows.In 2017, the Spanish Government’s minority status constrained its ability to implement controversial labor, pension, health care, tax, and education reforms. The European Commission expects the government to meet its 2017 budget deficit target and anticipates that expected economic growth in 2018 will help the government meet its deficit target. Spain’s borrowing costs are dramatically lower since their peak in mid-2012, and increased economic activity has generated a modest level of inflation, at 2% in 2017.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$1.778 trillion (2017 est.)
$1.727 trillion (2016 est.)
$1.674 trillion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 15

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.314 trillion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

3% (2017 est.)
3.2% (2016 est.)
3.6% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 116

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$38,400 (2017 est.)
$37,200 (2016 est.)
$36,100 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 49

Gross national saving

23% of GDP (2017 est.)
22.4% of GDP (2016 est.)
21.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 57.7% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 18.5% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 20.6% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.6% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 34.1% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -31.4% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 2.6% (2017 est.)
industry: 23.2% (2017 est.)
services: 74.2% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products; fish

Industries

textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools, tourism, clay and refractory products, footwear, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment

Industrial production growth rate

4% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76

Labor force

22.75 million (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 4.2%
industry: 24%
services: 71.7% (2009)

Unemployment rate

17.2% (2017 est.)
19.6% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 179

Population below poverty line

21.1% (2012 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 24% (2011)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

35.9 (2012)
32 (2005)
country comparison to the world: 93

Budget

revenues: 498.1 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 539 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

37.9% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 136

Public debt

98.4% of GDP (2017 est.)
99% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18

Fiscal year

calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2% (2017 est.)
-0.2% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 107

Central bank discount rate

0.05% (10 September 2014)
0.25% (13 November 2013)
note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro area
country comparison to the world: 146

Commercial bank prime lending rate

2.03% (31 December 2017 est.)
2.19% (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 184

Stock of narrow money

$1.088 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
$841.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
note: see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 18 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders
country comparison to the world: 7

Stock of broad money

$1.088 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
$841.6 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 7

Stock of domestic credit

$2.491 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
$2.21 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10

Market value of publicly traded shares

$787.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$992.9 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$1.117 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Current account balance

$24.74 billion (2017 est.)
$23.77 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Exports

$313.7 billion (2017 est.)
$280.5 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16

Exports - partners

France 15.1%, Germany 11.3%, Italy 7.8%, Portugal 7.1%, UK 6.9%, US 4.4% (2017)

Exports - commodities

machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods

Imports

$338.6 billion (2017 est.)
$300.2 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semi-finished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments

Imports - partners

Germany 14.2%, France 11.9%, China 6.9%, Italy 6.8%, Netherlands 5.1%, UK 4% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$69.41 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$63.14 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32

Debt - external

$2.094 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
$1.963 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$824.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$739.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$776.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$696.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.885 (2017 est.)
0.903 (2016 est.)
0.9214 (2015 est.)
0.7525 (2014 est.)
0.7634 (2013 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Electricity - production

258.6 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17

Electricity - consumption

239.5 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Electricity - exports

14.18 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13

Electricity - imports

21.85 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9

Electricity - installed generating capacity

105.9 million kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12

Electricity - from fossil fuels

47% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 157

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

7% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 19

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

14% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108

Electricity - from other renewable sources

32% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Crude oil - production

1,700 bbl/day (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 198

Crude oil - imports

1.325 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 8

Crude oil - proved reserves

150 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62

Refined petroleum products - production

1.361 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13

Refined petroleum products - consumption

1.296 million bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18

Refined petroleum products - exports

562,400 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16

Refined petroleum products - imports

464,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18

Natural gas - production

36.81 million cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 87

Natural gas - consumption

31.27 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29

Natural gas - exports

2.888 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36

Natural gas - imports

34.63 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12

Natural gas - proved reserves

2.548 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

286.7 million Mt (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 19,680,973
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 52,484,655
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 107 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28

Telephone system

general assessment: well-developed, modern facilities; one of the largest in Europe, average mobile penetration for Europe; effective competition with encouraging regulation; investment in 5G technologies and services; more than 60 percent of households have access to fiber to the home broadband connections (2018)
domestic: fixed-line 42 per 100 and mobile-cellular 113 telephones per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code - 34; landing points for the MAREA, Tata TGN-Western Europe, Pencan-9, SAT-3/WASC, Canalink, Atlantis-2, Columbus -111, Estepona-Tetouan, FEA, Balalink, ORVAL and PENBAL-5 submarine cables providing connectivity to Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South America, Asia, Southeast Asia and the US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries (2019)

Broadcast media

a mixture of both publicly operated and privately owned TV and radio stations; overall, hundreds of TV channels are available including national, regional, local, public, and international channels; satellite and cable TV systems available; multiple national radio networks, a large number of regional radio networks, and a larger number of local radio stations; overall, hundreds of radio stations (2019)

Internet country code

.es

Internet users

total: 39,123,384
percent of population: 80.6% (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 14,473,888
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 13

Military and Security

Military expenditures

0.92% of GDP (2019 est.)
0.92% of GDP (2018)
0.9% of GDP (2017)
0.81% of GDP (2016)
0.92% of GDP (2015)
country comparison to the world: 126

Military and security forces

Spanish Armed Forces: Army (Ejercito de Tierra), Spanish Navy (Armada Espanola, AE, includes Marine Corps), Spanish Air Force (Ejercito del Aire Espanola, EdA)

the Civil Guard (Guardia Civil) is a military force with police duties (including coast guard) under both the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence; it also responds to the needs of the Ministry of Finance (2019)

Military service age and obligation

18-26 years of age for voluntary military service by a Spanish citizen or legal immigrant, 2-3 year obligation; women allowed to serve in all SAF branches, including combat units; no conscription, but Spanish Government retains right to mobilize citizens 19-25 years of age in a national emergency; mandatory retirement of non-NCO enlisted personnel at age 45 or 58, depending on service length (2013)

Transportation

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 20 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 414 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 60,809,228 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,040,913,279mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

EC (2016)

Airports

150 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 38

Airports - with paved runways

total: 99 (2013)
over 3,047 m: 18 (2013)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 14 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 24 (2013)
under 914 m: 24 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 51 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 13 (2013)
under 914 m: 36 (2013)

Heliports

10 (2013)

Pipelines

10481 km gas, 358 km oil, 4378 km refined products (2017)

Railways

total: 15,333 km(9,699 km electrified) (2017)
standard gauge: 2,571 km1.435-m gauge (2,571 km electrified) (2017)
narrow gauge: 1,207 km1.000-m gauge (400 km electrified) (2017)
broad gauge: 11,333 km1.668-m gauge (6,538 km electrified) (2017)
mixed gauge: 190 km 1.668-m and 1.435m gage (190.1 km electrified); 28 km 0.914-m gauge (28 km electrified); 4 km 0.600-m gauge
country comparison to the world: 19

Roadways

total: 683,175 km (2011)
paved: 683,175 km(includes 16,205 km of expressways) (2011)
country comparison to the world: 11

Waterways

1,000 km (2012)
country comparison to the world: 64

Merchant marine

total: 119
by type: container ship 2, general cargo 17, oil tanker 12, other 88 (2019)
country comparison to the world: 78

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Algeciras, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cartagena, Huelva, Tarragona, Valencia (all in Spain); Las Palmas, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (in the Canary Islands)
container port(s) (TEUs): Algeciras (4,389,836), Barcelona (2,968,757), Valencia (4,832,156) (2017)
LNG terminal(s) (import): Barcelona, Bilbao, Cartagena, Huelva, Mugardos, Sagunto

Terrorism

Terrorist groups - home based

Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA):
aim(s): establish an independent Basque homeland in northern Spain and southwestern France based on Marxist principles
area(s) of operation: headquartered in northern Spain, reportedly disarmed in 2017 (2018)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; after voters in the UK chose to leave the EU in a June 2016 referendum, Spain again proposed shared sovereignty of Gibraltar; UK officials rejected Spain’s joint sovereignty proposal; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 13,765 (Syria), 10,555 (Ukraine) (2018) note - estimate represents asylum applicants since the beginning of the Ukraine crisis in 2014 to November 2018; 58,597 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay), 6,873 (Morocco) (2019)
stateless persons: 2,455 (2018)
note: 155,841 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2019); 65,325 migrant arrivals in 2018

Illicit drugs

despite rigorous law enforcement efforts, North African, Latin American, Galician, and other European traffickers take advantage of Spain's long coastline to land large shipments of cocaine and hashish for distribution to the European market; consumer for Latin American cocaine and North African hashish; destination and minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin; money-laundering site for Colombian narcotics trafficking organizations and organized crime