Sudan

Introduction

Background

Military regimes favoring Islamic-oriented governments have dominated national politics since independence from Anglo-Egyptian co-rule in 1956. Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars during most of the remainder of the 20th century. These conflicts were rooted in northern economic, political, and social domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab southern Sudanese. The first civil war ended in 1972 but another broke out in 1983. Peace talks gained momentum in 2002-04 with the signing of several accords. The final North/South Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005, granted the southern rebels autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on independence for Southern Sudan. The referendum was held in January 2011 and indicated overwhelming support for independence. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011. Sudan and South Sudan have yet to fully implement security and economic agreements signed in September 2012 relating to the normalization of relations between the two countries. The final disposition of the contested Abyei region has also to be decided. The 30-year reign of President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR ended in his ouster in April 2019, and a Sovereignty Council, a joint civilian-military-executive body, holds power as of November 2019.Following South Sudan's independence, conflict broke out between the government and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states (together known as the Two Areas), resulting in a humanitarian crisis affecting more than a million people. A earlier conflict that broke out in the western region of Darfur in 2003, displaced nearly 2 million people and caused thousands of deaths.  While some repatriation has taken place, about 1.83 million IDPs remain in Sudan as of May 2019. Fighting in both the Two Areas and Darfur between government forces and opposition has largely subsided, however the civilian populations are affected by low-level violence including inter-tribal conflict and banditry, largely a result of weak rule of law. The UN and the African Union have jointly commanded a Darfur peacekeeping operation (UNAMID) since 2007, but are slowly drawing down as the situation in Darfur becomes more stable. Sudan also has faced refugee influxes from neighboring countries, primarily Ethiopia, Eritrea, Chad, Central African Republic, and South Sudan. Armed conflict, poor transport infrastructure, and denial of access by both the government and armed opposition have impeded the provision of humanitarian assistance to affected populations. However, Sudan's new transitional government has stated its priority to allow greater humanitarian access, as the food security and humanitarian situation in Sudan worsens and as it appeals to the West for greater engagement.

Geography

Location

north-eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea

Geographic coordinates

15 00 N, 30 00 E

Map references

Africa

Area

total: 1,861,484 sq km
land: 1,731,671 sq km
water: 129,813 sq km
country comparison to the world: 17

Area - comparative

slightly less than one-fifth the size of the US

Land boundaries

total: 6,819 km
border countries (7): Central African Republic 174 km, Chad 1403 km, Egypt 1276 km, Eritrea 682 km, Ethiopia 744 km, Libya 382 km, South Sudan 2158 km
note: Sudan-South Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment; final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei region pending negotiations between Sudan and South Sudan

Coastline

853 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12nm
contiguous zone: 18nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Climate

hot and dry; arid desert; rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Terrain

generally flat, featureless plain; desert dominates the north

Elevation

mean elevation: 568 m
lowest point: Red Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal Marrah 3,042 m

Natural resources

petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold; hydropower

Land use

agricultural land: 100% (2011 est.)
arable land: 15.7% (2011 est.)/permanent crops: 0.2% (2011 est.)/permanent pasture: 84.2% (2011 est.)
forest: 0% (2011 est.)
other: 0% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land

18,900 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur

Natural hazards

dust storms and periodic persistent droughts

Environment - current issues

water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water; water scarcity and periodic drought; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; deforestation; loss of biodiversity  

Environment - international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note

the Nile is Sudan's primary water source; its major tributaries, the White Nile and the Blue Nile, meet at Khartoum to form the River Nile which flows northward through Egypt to the Mediterranean Sea

People and Society

Population

43,120,843 (July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33

Nationality

noun: Sudanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Sudanese

Ethnic groups

unspecified Sudanese Arab (approximately 70%), Fur, Beja, Nuba, Fallata

Languages

Arabic (official), English (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, Fur

Religions

Sunni Muslim, small Christian minority

Age structure

0-14 years: 43.07%(male 9,434,634 /female 9,136,951)
15-24 years: 20.22%(male 4,459,335 /female 4,259,341)
25-54 years: 29.8%(male 6,236,954 /female 6,612,593)
55-64 years: 3.93%(male 876,614 /female 819,048)
65 years and over: 2.98%(male 688,391 /female 596,982) (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 81.6 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 75.4 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 6.3 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 15.9 (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 17.9 years (2018 est.)
male: 17.7 years
female: 18.1 years
country comparison to the world: 214

Population growth rate

2.93% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9

Birth rate

34.2 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23

Death rate

6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139

Net migration rate

1.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52

Population distribution

with the exception of a ribbon of settlement that corresponds to the banks of the Nile, northern Sudan, which extends into the dry Sahara, is sparsely populated; more abundant vegetation and broader access to water increases population distribution in the south extending habitable range along nearly the entire border with South Sudan; sizeable areas of population are found around Khartoum, southeast between the Blue and White Nile Rivers, and througout South Darfur

Urbanization

urban population: 34.9% of total population(2019)
rate of urbanization: 3.17% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)

Major urban areas - population

5.678 million KHARTOUM (capital), 878,000 Nyala (2019)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.15 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

295 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38

Infant mortality rate

total: 44.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 49.2 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 38.8 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 40

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 65.8 years (2018 est.)
male: 63.7 years
female: 68.1 years
country comparison to the world: 177

Total fertility rate

4.85 children born/woman (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17

Contraceptive prevalence rate

12.2% (2014)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 66% of population
rural: 50.2% of population
total: 55.5% of population
unimproved: urban: 34% of population
rural: 49.8% of population
total: 44.5% of population (2012 est.)

Current Health Expenditure

5.7% (2016)

Physicians density

0.41 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Hospital bed density

0.8 beds/1,000 population (2013)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 43.9% of population (2012 est.)
rural: 13.4% of population (2012 est.)
total: 23.6% of population (2012 est.)
unimproved: urban: 56.1% of population (2012 est.)
rural: 86.6% of population (2012 est.)
total: 76.4% of population (2012 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.2% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 112

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

59,000 (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 58

HIV/AIDS - deaths

2,900 (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high (2016)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever (2016)
vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, and Rift Valley fever (2016)
water contact diseases: schistosomiasis (2016)
animal contact diseases: rabies (2016)
respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis (2016)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

6.6% (2014)
country comparison to the world: 166

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

33.5% (2014)
country comparison to the world: 5

Education expenditures

2.2% of GDP (2009)
country comparison to the world: 166

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 75.9%
male: 83.3%
female: 68.6% (2015)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 8 years
male: 8 years
female: 7 years (2015)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 20%
male: 16%
female: 32% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of the Sudan
conventional short form: Sudan
local long form: Jumhuriyat as-Sudan
local short form: As-Sudan
former: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Sudan
etymology: the name "Sudan" derives from the Arabic "bilad-as-sudan" meaning "Land of the Black [peoples]"

Government type

presidential republic

Capital

name: Khartoum
geographic coordinates: 15 36 N, 32 32 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: several explanations of the name exist; two of the more plausible are that it is derived from Arabic "al-jartum" meaning "elephant's trunk" or "hose," and likely referring to the narrow strip of land extending between the Blue and White Niles; alternatively, the name could derive from the Dinka words "khar-tuom," indicating a "place where rivers meet"

Administrative divisions

18 states (wilayat, singular - wilayah); Blue Nile, Central Darfur, East Darfur, Gedaref, Gezira, Kassala, Khartoum, North Darfur, North Kordofan, Northern, Red Sea, River Nile, Sennar, South Darfur, South Kordofan, West Darfur, West Kordofan, White Nile

Independence

1 January 1956 (from Egypt and the UK)

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 January (1956)

Constitution

history: previous 1973, 1998; 2005 (interim constitution, which was suspended in April 2019); latest initial draft completed by Transitional Military Council in May 2019; revised draft known as the "Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period," was signed by the Council and opposition coalition on 4 August 2019
amendments: NA (2017)

Legal system

mixed legal system of Islamic law and English common law

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; withdrew acceptance of ICCt jurisdiction in 2008

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: the father must be a citizen of Sudan
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: president (vacant); note - as of August 2019, the ruling military council and civilian opposition alliance have signed a power-sharing deal as the "Sovereignty Council," consisting of 6 civilians and 5 generals; chairmanship of the Council will rotate for a period of 3 years until elections can be held; Chairman of the Sovereignty Council - General Abd-al-Fatah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman
head of government: president (vacant); note - on 4 August 2019, the ruling military council and civilian opposition alliance signed a power-sharing deal as the "Sovereignty Council," consisting of 6 civilians and 5 generals; chairmanship of the Council is currently led by the military, but intended to transition to civilian leadership in May 2021 until elections can be held
cabinet: Transitional Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from a list of candidates from the Forces of Freedom and Change and confirmed by the Sovereignty Council, except the ministers of defense and Interior, who are nominated by the military component of the Sovereignty Council (2019)
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed; last held on 13-16 April 2015 (next to be held in 2022 at the end of the transitional period); prime minister typically appointed by the president; note - the position of prime minister was reinstated in December 2016 as a result of the 2015-16 national dialogue process, and President al-BASHIR appointed BAKRI Hassan Salih to the position on 2 March 2017; on 21 August 2019, the Forces for Freedom and Change, the civilian opposition alliance, named Abdallah HANDOUK as prime minister of Sudan for the transitional period
election results: Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR (NCP) 94.1%, other (15 candidates) 5.9%

Legislative branch

description: according to the August 2019 Constitutional Decree, which established Sudan's transitional government, the Transitional Legislative Council (TLC) will serve as the national legislature during the transitional period until elections can be held in 2022; as of early December 2019, the TLC had not been established
elections: Council of State - last held 1 June 2015
National Assembly - last held on 13-15 April 2015
note - elections for an as yet defined new legislature to be held in 2022 at the expiry of the Transnational Legislative Council
election results:
Council of State - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 35, women 19, percent of women 35.2%
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NCP 323, DUP 25, Democratic Unionist Party 15, other 44, independent 19; composition - men 296 women 130, percent of women 30.5%; note - total National Legislature percent of women 31%

Judicial branch

highest courts: National Supreme Court (consists of 70 judges organized into panels of 3 judges and includes 4 circuits that operate outside the capital); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 justices including the court president); note - the Constitutional Court resides outside the national judiciary
judge selection and term of office: National Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges selected by the Supreme Judicial Council, which replaced the National Judicial Service Commission upon enactment of the Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period
subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; other national courts; public courts; district, town, and rural courts

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Unionist Party or DUP [Jalal al-DIGAIR]
Democratic Unionist Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI]
Federal Umma Party [Dr. Ahmed Babikir NAHAR]
Muslim Brotherhood or MB
National Congress Party or NCP (in November 2019, Sudan's transitional government approved a law to "dismantle" the regime of former President Omar al-Bashir, including the dissolution of his political party, the NCP)
National Umma Party or NUP [Saddiq al-MAHDI]
Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI]
Reform Movement Now [Dr. Ghazi Salahuddin al-ATABANI]Sudan National Front [Ali Mahmud HASANAYN]
Sudanese Communist Party or SCP [Mohammed Moktar Al-KHATEEB]
Sudanese Congress Party or SCoP [Ibrahim Al-SHEIKH]
Umma Party for Reform and Development
Unionist Movement Party or UMP

International organization participation

ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Mohamed ABBAS (since 2017)
chancery: 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 338-8565
FAX: [1] (202) 667-2406

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Steven KOUTSIS (since November 2016)
telephone: [249] 18702-2000
embassy: P. O. Box 699, Kilo 10, Soba, Khartoum
mailing address: P.O. Box 699, Kilo 10, Soba, Khartoum; APO AE 09829
FAX: [249] 18702-2547

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; colors and design based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I, but the meanings of the colors are expressed as follows: red signifies the struggle for freedom, white is the color of peace, light, and love, black represents the people of Sudan (in Arabic 'Sudan' means black), green is the color of Islam, agriculture, and prosperity

National symbol(s)

secretary bird; national colors: red, white, black, green

National anthem

name: "Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan" (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)
lyrics/music: Sayed Ahmad Muhammad SALIH/Ahmad MURJAN
note: adopted 1956; originally served as the anthem of the Sudanese military

Economy

Economy - overview

Sudan has experienced protracted social conflict, civil war, and, in July 2011, the loss of three quarters of its oil production due to the secession of South Sudan. The oil sector had driven much of Sudan's GDP growth since 1999. For nearly a decade, the economy boomed on the back of rising oil production, high oil prices, and significant inflows of foreign direct investment. Since the economic shock of South Sudan's secession, Sudan has struggled to stabilize its economy and make up for the loss of foreign exchange earnings. The interruption of oil production in South Sudan in 2012 for over a year and the consequent loss of oil transit fees further exacerbated the fragile state of Sudan’s economy. Ongoing conflicts in Southern Kordofan, Darfur, and the Blue Nile states, lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture, keep close to half of the population at or below the poverty line. Sudan was subject to comprehensive US sanctions, which were lifted in October 2017. Sudan is attempting to develop non-oil sources of revenues, such as gold mining and agriculture, while carrying out an austerity program to reduce expenditures. The world’s largest exporter of gum Arabic, Sudan produces 75-80% of the world’s total output. Agriculture continues to employ 80% of the work force. Sudan introduced a new currency, still called the Sudanese pound, following South Sudan's secession, but the value of the currency has fallen since its introduction. Khartoum formally devalued the currency in June 2012, when it passed austerity measures that included gradually repealing fuel subsidies. Sudan also faces high inflation, which reached 47% on an annual basis in November 2012 but fell to about 35% per year in 2017.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$177.4 billion (2017 est.)
$174.9 billion (2016 est.)
$169.8 billion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 71

GDP (official exchange rate)

$45.82 billion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

1.4% (2017 est.)
3% (2016 est.)
1.3% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$4,300 (2017 est.)
$4,400 (2016 est.)
$4,400 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 174

Gross national saving

12.1% of GDP (2017 est.)
13.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
12.2% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 149

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 77.3% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 5.8% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 18.4% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0.6% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 9.7% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -11.8% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 39.6% (2017 est.)
industry: 2.6% (2017 est.)
services: 57.8% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

cotton, groundnuts (peanuts), sorghum, millet, wheat, gum Arabic, sugarcane, cassava (manioc, tapioca), mangoes, papaya, bananas, sweet potatoes, sesame seeds; animal feed, sheep and other livestock

Industries

oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals, armaments, automobile/light truck assembly, milling

Industrial production growth rate

4.5% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66

Labor force

11.92 million (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 80%
industry: 7%
services: 13% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate

19.6% (2017 est.)
20.6% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 184

Population below poverty line

46.5% (2009 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.7%
highest 10%: 26.7% (2009 est.)

Budget

revenues: 8.48 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 13.36 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

18.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 159

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-10.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 213

Public debt

121.6% of GDP (2017 est.)
99.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 10

Fiscal year

calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

32.4% (2017 est.)
17.8% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 223

Commercial bank prime lending rate

13% (31 December 2017 est.)
12.5% (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63

Stock of narrow money

$18.82 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$11.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69

Stock of broad money

$18.82 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$11.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 70

Stock of domestic credit

$28.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$20.22 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 81

Market value of publicly traded shares

NA

Current account balance

-$4.811 billion (2017 est.)
-$4.213 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 182

Exports

$4.1 billion (2017 est.)
$3.094 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117

Exports - partners

UAE 55.5%, Egypt 14.7%, Saudi Arabia 8.8% (2017)

Exports - commodities

gold; oil and petroleum products; cotton, sesame, livestock, peanuts, gum Arabic, sugar

Imports

$8.22 billion (2017 est.)
$7.48 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110

Imports - commodities

foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines, chemicals, textiles, wheat

Imports - partners

UAE 12.7%, Egypt 10.6%, India 10.5%, Turkey 10.2%, Japan 7.6%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Germany 4.6% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$198 million (31 December 2017 est.)
$168.3 million (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177

Debt - external

$56.05 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$51.26 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$25.47 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75

Exchange rates

Sudanese pounds (SDG) per US dollar -
6.72 (2017 est.)
6.14 (2016 est.)
6.14 (2015 est.)
6.03 (2014 est.)
5.74 (2013 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

population without electricity: 22 million (2017)
electrification - total population: 45% (2017)
electrification - urban areas: 71% (2017)
electrification - rural areas: 31% (2017)

Electricity - production

13.99 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89

Electricity - consumption

12.12 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 88

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 205

Electricity - installed generating capacity

3.437 million kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 96

Electricity - from fossil fuels

44% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

51% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39

Electricity - from other renewable sources

6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104

Crude oil - production

95,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43

Crude oil - exports

19,540 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 50

Crude oil - imports

9,440 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 73

Crude oil - proved reserves

5 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22

Refined petroleum products - production

94,830 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68

Refined petroleum products - consumption

112,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75

Refined petroleum products - exports

8,541 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85

Refined petroleum products - imports

24,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 108

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 201

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 202

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 190

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 193

Natural gas - proved reserves

84.95 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

16.03 million Mt (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 143,280
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 28,644,139
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 77 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45

Telephone system

general assessment: well-equipped system by regional standards and being upgraded; cellular communications started in 1996 and have expanded substantially with wide coverage of most major cities; economic climate has not encouraged growth in telecoms, but some investment has been made to build mobile towers and expand LTE services (2018)
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, fiber optic, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations; teledensity fixed-line less than 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular 77 telephones per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code - 249; landing points for the EASSy, FALCON and SAS-1,-2, fiber-optic submarine cable systems linking Africa, the Middle East, Indian Ocean Islands and Asia; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

Broadcast media

the Sudanese Government directly controls TV and radio, requiring that both media reflect government policies; TV has a permanent military censor; a private radio station is in operation (2019)

Internet country code

.sd

Internet users

total: 10,284,260
percent of population: 28% (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 31,082
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 140

Military and Security

Military expenditures

2.28% of GDP (2018)
3.91% of GDP (2017)
2.96% of GDP (2016)
2.8% of GDP (2015)
country comparison to the world: 41

Military and security forces

Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF): Ground Force, Navy, Sudanese Air Force; Rapid Support Forces (paramilitary); Popular Defense Forces (paramilitary) (2019)

Military service age and obligation

18-33 years of age for male and female compulsory or voluntary military service; 1-2 year service obligation (2013)

Military - note

United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has operated in the disputed Abyei region along the border between Sudan and South Sudan since 2011; UNISFA's mission includes ensuring security, protecting civilians, strengthening the capacity of the Abyei Police Service, de-mining, monitoring/verifying the redeployment of armed forces from the area, and facilitating the flow of humanitarian aid; UNISFA had about 4,400 personnel deployed as of July 2019

In addition, the United Nations African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) has operated in the war-torn Darfur region since 2007; UNAMID is a joint African Union-UN peacekeeping force with the mission of bringing stability to Darfur, including protecting civilians, facilitating humanitarian assistance, and promoting mediation efforts, while peace talks on a final settlement continue; as of October 2019, UNAMID had about 7,800 personnel deployed

   (2019)

Transportation

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 6 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 25 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 496,178 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 13,161,592mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

ST (2016)

Airports

74 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 71

Airports - with paved runways

total: 16 (2013)
over 3,047 m: 2 (2013)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 (2013)
under 914 m: 2 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 58 (2013)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 28 (2013)
under 914 m: 12 (2013)

Heliports

6 (2013)

Pipelines

156 km gas, 4070 km oil, 1613 km refined products (2013)

Railways

total: 7,251 km (2014)
narrow gauge: 5,851 km1.067-m gauge (2014)
1,400 km 0.600-m gauge for cotton plantations
country comparison to the world: 31

Waterways

4,068 km(1,723 km open year-round on White and Blue Nile Rivers) (2011)
country comparison to the world: 24

Merchant marine

total: 18
by type: general cargo 1, other 17 (2018)
country comparison to the world: 140

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Port Sudan

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

the effects of Sudan's ethnic and rebel militia fighting since the mid-20th century have penetrated all of the neighboring states; Chad wishes to be a helpful mediator in resolving the Darfur conflict, and in 2010 established a joint border monitoring force with Sudan, which has helped to reduce cross-border banditry and violence; as of early 2019, more than 590,000 Sudanese refugees are being hosted in the Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Sudan; Sudan, in turn, is hosting more than 975,000 refugees and asylum seekers, including more than 845,000 from South Sudan; Sudan accuses South Sudan of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of the Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic; South Sudan-Sudan boundary represents 1 January 1956 alignment, final alignment pending negotiations and demarcation; final sovereignty status of Abyei Area pending negotiations between South Sudan and Sudan

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 811,452 (South Sudan) (refugees and asylum seekers), 121,156 (Eritrea) (refugees and asylum seekers), 93,502 (Syria) (refugees and asylum seekers), 14,272 (Ethiopia) (refugees and asylum seekers), 9,289 (Central African Republic) (2019)
IDPs: 2.072 million (civil war 1983-2005; ongoing conflict in Darfur region; government and rebel fighting along South Sudan border; inter-tribal clashes) (2018)

Trafficking in persons

current situation: Sudan is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children who are subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; Sudanese women and girls, particularly those from rural areas or who are internally displaced, or refugees are vulnerable to domestic servitude in country, as well as domestic servitude and sex trafficking abroad; migrants from East and West Africa, South Sudan, Syria, and Nigeria smuggled into or through Sudan are vulnerable to exploitation; Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Filipino women are subjected to domestic servitude in Sudanese homes, and East African and possibly Thai women are forced into prostitution in Sudan; Sudanese children continue to be recruited and used as combatants by government forces and armed groups
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Sudan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government increased its efforts to publically address and prevent trafficking, established a national anti-trafficking council, and began drafting a national action plan against trafficking; the government acknowledges cross-border trafficking but still denies the existence of forced labor, sex trafficking, and the recruitment of child soldiers domestically; law enforcement and judicial officials struggled to apply the national anti-trafficking law, often relying on other statutes with lesser penalties; authorities did not use systematic procedure to identify victims or refer them to care and relied on international organizations and domestic groups to provide protective services; some foreign victims were penalized for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked, such as immigration or prostitution violations (2015)

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