Turkey

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Introduction

Background

Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his leadership, the country adopted radical social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democrat Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of formal political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. An unsuccessful coup attempt was made in July 2016 by a faction of the Turkish Armed Forces.Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a US-designated terrorist organization, has long dominated the attention of Turkish security forces and claimed more than 40,000 lives. In 2013, the Turkish Government and the PKK conducted negotiations aimed at ending the violence, however intense fighting resumed in 2015. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; it began accession talks with the EU in 2005. Over the past decade, economic reforms, coupled with some political reforms, have contributed to a growing economy, although economic growth slowed in recent years.From 2015 and continuing through 2016, Turkey witnessed an uptick in terrorist violence, including major attacks in Ankara, Istanbul, and throughout the predominantly Kurdish southeastern region of Turkey. On 15 July 2016, elements of the Turkish Armed forces attempted a coup that ultimately failed following widespread popular resistance. More than 240 people were killed and over 2,000 injured when Turkish citizens took to the streets en masse to confront the coup forces. The government accused followers of the Fethullah Gulen transnational religious and social movement ("Hizmet") for allegedly instigating the failed coup and designates the movement’s followers as terrorists. Since the attempted coup, Turkish Government authorities arrested, suspended, or dismissed more than 130,000 security personnel, journalists, judges, academics, and civil servants due to their alleged connection to Gulen's movement. Following the failed coup, the Turkish Government instituted a State of Emergency from July 2016 to July 2018. The Turkish Government conducted a referendum on 16 April 2017 in which voters approved constitutional amendments changing Turkey from a parliamentary to a presidential system. The amendments went into effect fully following the presidential and parliamentary elections in June 2018.

Geography

Location

Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria

Geographic coordinates

39 00 N, 35 00 E

Map references

Middle East

Area

total: 783,562 sq km
land: 769,632 sq km
water: 13,930 sq km
country comparison to the world: 38

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Texas

Land boundaries

total: 2,816 km
border countries (8): Armenia 311 km, Azerbaijan 17 km, Bulgaria 223 km, Georgia 273 km, Greece 192 km, Iran 534 km, Iraq 367 km, Syria 899 km

Coastline

7,200 km

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 6nm in the Aegean Sea
exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR
12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea

Climate

temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

Terrain

high central plateau (Anatolia); narrow coastal plain; several mountain ranges

Elevation

mean elevation: 1,132 m
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,137 m

Natural resources

coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower

Land use

agricultural land: 49.7% (2011 est.)
arable land: 26.7% (2011 est.)/permanent crops: 4% (2011 est.)/permanent pasture: 19% (2011 est.)
forest: 14.9% (2011 est.)
other: 35.4% (2011 est.)

Irrigated land

52,150 sq km (2012)

Population distribution

the most densely populated area is found around the Bosporus in the northwest where 20% of the population lives in Istanbul; with the exception of Ankara, urban centers remain small and scattered throughout the interior of Anatolia; an overall pattern of peripheral development exists, particularly along the Aegean Sea coast in the west, and the Tigris and Euphrates River systems in the southeast

Natural hazards

severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van; landslides; flooding volcanism: limited volcanic activity; its three historically active volcanoes; Ararat, Nemrut Dagi, and Tendurek Dagi have not erupted since the 19th century or earlier

Environment - current issues

water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; land degradation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic; conservation of biodiversity

Environment - international agreements

party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Geography - note

strategic location controlling the Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link the Black and Aegean Seas; the 3% of Turkish territory north of the Straits lies in Europe and goes by the names of European Turkey, Eastern Thrace, or Turkish Thrace; the 97% of the country in Asia is referred to as Anatolia; Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus, is the only metropolis in the world located on two continents; Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's ark, is in the far eastern portion of the country

People and Society

Population

81,257,239 (July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18

Nationality

noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish

Ethnic groups

Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 7-12% (2016 est.)

Languages

Turkish (official), Kurdish, other minority languages

Religions

Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (mostly Christians and Jews)

Age structure

0-14 years: 24.26%(male 10,085,558 /female 9,627,967)
15-24 years: 15.88%(male 6,589,039 /female 6,311,113)
25-54 years: 43.26%(male 17,798,864 /female 17,349,228)
55-64 years: 8.82%(male 3,557,329 /female 3,606,120)
65 years and over: 7.79%(male 2,825,738 /female 3,506,283) (2018 est.)
population pyramid:

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 50.1 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 38.4 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 11.7 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 8.5 (2015 est.)

Median age

total: 31.4 years (2018 est.)
male: 30.9 years
female: 31.9 years
country comparison to the world: 110

Population growth rate

0.49% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155

Birth rate

15.4 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 119

Death rate

6 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165

Net migration rate

-4.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 189

Population distribution

Urbanization

urban population: 75.6% of total population(2019)
rate of urbanization: 2.04% annual rate of change(2015-20 est.)

Major urban areas - population

14.968 million Istanbul, 5.018 million ANKARA (capital), 2.964 million Izmir, 1.951 million Bursa, 1.75 million Adana, 1.668 million Gaziantep (2019)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

22.3 years (2010 est.)

Maternal mortality rate

17 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133

Infant mortality rate

total: 16.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)
male: 18.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.7 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 92

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 75.3 years (2018 est.)
male: 72.9 years
female: 77.7 years
country comparison to the world: 109

Total fertility rate

2 children born/woman (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 118

Contraceptive prevalence rate

73.5% (2013)

Drinking water source

improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

Current Health Expenditure

4.3% (2016)

Physicians density

1.76 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

Hospital bed density

2.7 beds/1,000 population (2013)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban: 98.3% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 85.5% of population (2015 est.)
total: 94.9% of population (2015 est.)
unimproved: urban: 1.7% of population (2015 est.)
rural: 14.5% of population (2015 est.)
total: 5.1% of population (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS - deaths

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

32.1% (2016)
country comparison to the world: 17

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

2.3% (2013)
country comparison to the world: 109

Education expenditures

4.3% of GDP (2015)
country comparison to the world: 91

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.2%
male: 98.8%
female: 93.6% (2016)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 18 years
male: 18 years
female: 17 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

total: 20.5%
male: 17.7%
female: 25.6% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67

Government

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye
etymology: the name means "Land of the Turks"

Government type

presidential republic

Capital

name: Ankara
geographic coordinates: 39 56 N, 32 52 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
etymology: Ankara has been linked with a second millennium B.C. Hittite cult center of Ankuwash, although this connection is uncertain; in classical and medieval times, the city was known as Ankyra (meaning "anchor" in Greek and reflecting the city's position as a junction for multiple trade and military routes); by about the 13th century the city began to be referred to as Angora; following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the city's name became Ankara

Administrative divisions

81 provinces (iller, singular - ili); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond), Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak

Independence

29 October 1923 (republic proclaimed, succeeding the Ottoman Empire)

National holiday

Republic Day, 29 October (1923)

Constitution

history: several previous; latest ratified 9 November 1982
amendments: proposed by written consent of at least one third of Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) members; adoption of draft amendments requires two debates in plenary TBMM session and three-fifths majority vote of all GNA members; the president of the republic can request TBMM reconsideration of the amendment and, if readopted by two-thirds majority TBMM vote, the president may submit the amendment to a referendum; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended several times, last in 2017 (2018)

Legal system

civil law system based on various European legal systems, notably the Swiss civil code

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Turkey
dual citizenship recognized: yes, but requires prior permission from the government
residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (chief of state since 28 August 2014; head of government since 9 July 2019); Vice President Fuat OKTAY (since 9 July 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (head of government since 9 July 2019; chief of state since 28 August 2014); note - a 2017 constitutional referendum eliminated the post of prime minister after the 2018 general election
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 June 2018 (next scheduled for June 2023)
election results: Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN reelected president in the first round; Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (AKP) 52.6%, Muharrem INCE (CHP) 30.6%, Selahattin DEMIRTAS (HDP) 8.4%, Meral AKSENER (IYI) 7.3%, other 1.1%

Legislative branch

description: unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (600 seats - increased from 550 seats beginning with June 2018 election; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms - increased from 4 to 5 years beginning with June 2018 election)
elections: last held on 24 June 2018 (next to be held in June 2023)
election results: percent of vote by party - People's Alliance 53.7% (AKP 42.6%, MHP 11.1%), Nation Alliance 33.9% (CHP 22.6%, IYI 10%, SP 1.3%), HDP 11.7%, other 0.7%; seats by party - People's Alliance 344 (AKP 295, MHP 49), National Alliance 189 (CHP 146, IYI 43), HDP 67; composition - men 496, women 104, percent of women 17.3%; note - only parties surpassing a 10% threshold can win parliamentary seats

Judicial branch

highest courts: Constitutional Court or Anayasa Mahkemesi (consists of the president, 2 vice presidents, and 12 judges); Court of Cassation (consists of about 390 judges and is organized into civil and penal chambers); Council of State (organized into 15 divisions - 14 judicial and 1 consultative - each with a division head and at least 5 members)
judge selection and term of office: Constitutional Court members - 3 appointed by the Grand National Assembly and 12 by the president of the republic; court president and 2 deputy court presidents appointed from among its members for 4-year terms; judges serve 12-year, nonrenewable terms with mandatory retirement at age 65; Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Board of Judges and Prosecutors, a 13-member body of judicial officials; Court of Cassation judges serve until retirement at age 65; Council of State members appointed by the Board and by the president of the republic; members serve renewable, 4-year terms
subordinate courts: regional appeals courts; basic (first instance) courts; peace courts; aggravated crime courts; specialized courts, including administrative and audit; note - a constitutional amendment in 2017 abolished military courts unless established to investigate military personnel actions during war conditions

Political parties and leaders

Democrat Party or DP [Gultekin UYSAL]
Democratic Regions Party or DBP [Sebahat TUNCEL, Mehmet ARSLAN]
Felicity Party or SP [Temel KARAMOLLAOGLU]
Free Cause Party or HUDAPAR [Ishak SAGLAM]
Good Party or TYIi [Meral AKSENER]
Grand Unity Party or BBP [Mustafa DESTICI]
Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN]
Nation Alliance (CHP, IYI, SP) (electoral alliance)
Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]
People's Alliance (AKP, MHP) (electoral alliance)
Patriotic Party or VP [Dogu PERINCEK]
People's Democratic Party or HDP [Pervin BULDAN, Sezai TEMELLI]
Republican People's Party or CHP [Kemal KILICDAROGLU]
note: as of December 2018, 83 political parties were legally registered

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CPLP (associate observer), D-8, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (candidate country), FAO, FATF, G-20, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF (partner), SCO (dialogue member), SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Serdar KILIC (since 21 May 2014)
chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission: Ambassador David M. SATTERFIELD (since 28 August 2019)
telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555
embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara
mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823
FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana

Flag description

red with a vertical white crescent moon (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening; the flag colors and designs closely resemble those on the banner of the Ottoman Empire, which preceded modern-day Turkey; the crescent moon and star serve as insignia for Turkic peoples; according to one interpretation, the flag represents the reflection of the moon and a star in a pool of blood of Turkish warriors

National symbol(s)

vertical crescent moon with adjacent five-pointed star; national colors: red, white

National anthem

name: "Istiklal Marsi" (Independence March)
lyrics/music: Mehmet Akif ERSOY/Zeki UNGOR
note: lyrics adopted 1921, music adopted 1932; the anthem's original music was adopted in 1924; a new composition was agreed upon in 1932

Economy

Economy - overview

Turkey's largely free-market economy is driven by its industry and, increasingly, service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. The automotive, petrochemical, and electronics industries have risen in importance and surpassed the traditional textiles and clothing sectors within Turkey's export mix. However, the recent period of political stability and economic dynamism has given way to domestic uncertainty and security concerns, which are generating financial market volatility and weighing on Turkey’s economic outlook.Current government policies emphasize populist spending measures and credit breaks, while implementation of structural economic reforms has slowed. The government is playing a more active role in some strategic sectors and has used economic institutions and regulators to target political opponents, undermining private sector confidence in the judicial system. Between July 2016 and March 2017, three credit ratings agencies downgraded Turkey’s sovereign credit ratings, citing concerns about the rule of law and the pace of economic reforms.Turkey remains highly dependent on imported oil and gas but is pursuing energy relationships with a broader set of international partners and taking steps to increase use of domestic energy sources including renewables, nuclear, and coal. The joint Turkish-Azerbaijani Trans-Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline is moving forward to increase transport of Caspian gas to Turkey and Europe, and when completed will help diversify Turkey's sources of imported gas.After Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis in 2001, Ankara adopted financial and fiscal reforms as part of an IMF program. The reforms strengthened the country's economic fundamentals and ushered in an era of strong growth, averaging more than 6% annually until 2008. An aggressive privatization program also reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, power generation, and communication. Global economic conditions and tighter fiscal policy caused GDP to contract in 2009, but Turkey's well-regulated financial markets and banking system helped the country weather the global financial crisis, and GDP growth rebounded to around 9% in 2010 and 2011, as exports and investment recovered following the crisis.The growth of Turkish GDP since 2016 has revealed the persistent underlying imbalances in the Turkish economy. In particular, Turkey’s large current account deficit means it must rely on external investment inflows to finance growth, leaving the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence. Other troublesome trends include rising unemployment and inflation, which increased in 2017, given the Turkish lira’s continuing depreciation against the dollar. Although government debt remains low at about 30% of GDP, bank and corporate borrowing has almost tripled as a percent of GDP during the past decade, outpacing its emerging-market peers and prompting investor concerns about its long-term sustainability.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$2.186 trillion (2017 est.)
$2.034 trillion (2016 est.)
$1.972 trillion (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 13

GDP (official exchange rate)

$851.5 billion (2017 est.)

GDP - real growth rate

7.4% (2017 est.)
3.2% (2016 est.)
6.1% (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$27,000 (2017 est.)
$25,500 (2016 est.)
$25,000 (2015 est.)
note: data are in 2017 dollars
country comparison to the world: 77

Gross national saving

25.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
24.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
24.8% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption: 59.1% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 14.5% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 29.8% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.1% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 24.9% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -29.4% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 6.8% (2017 est.)
industry: 32.3% (2017 est.)
services: 60.7% (2017 est.)

Agriculture - products

tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, hazelnuts, pulses, citrus; livestock

Industries

textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, mining (coal, chromate, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Industrial production growth rate

9.1% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18

Labor force

31.3 million (2017 est.)
note: this number is for the domestic labor force only; number does not include about 1.2 million Turks working abroad, nor refugees
country comparison to the world: 19

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture: 18.4%
industry: 26.6%
services: 54.9% (2016)

Unemployment rate

10.9% (2017 est.)
10.9% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 147

Population below poverty line

21.9% (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 30.3% (2008)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

40.2 (2010)
43.6 (2003)
country comparison to the world: 65

Budget

revenues: 172.8 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 185.8 billion (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

20.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 151

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 91

Public debt

28.3% of GDP (2017 est.)
28.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169

Fiscal year

calendar year

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

11.1% (2017 est.)
7.8% (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 204

Central bank discount rate

5.25% (31 December 2011)
15% (22 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 79

Commercial bank prime lending rate

15.77% (31 December 2017 est.)
14.74% (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33

Stock of narrow money

$119.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$108.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33

Stock of broad money

$119.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$108.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33

Stock of domestic credit

$610.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$549.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23

Market value of publicly traded shares

$188.9 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
$219.8 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
$195.7 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36

Current account balance

-$47.44 billion (2017 est.)
-$33.14 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 202

Exports

$166.2 billion (2017 est.)
$150.2 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30

Exports - partners

Germany 9.6%, UK 6.1%, UAE 5.9%, Iraq 5.8%, US 5.5%, Italy 5.4%, France 4.2%, Spain 4% (2017)

Exports - commodities

apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment

Imports

$225.1 billion (2017 est.)
$191.1 billion (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22

Imports - commodities

machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment

Imports - partners

China 10%, Germany 9.1%, Russia 8.4%, US 5.1%, Italy 4.8% (2017)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$107.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$106.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24

Debt - external

$452.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$404.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$180.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$133.2 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 35

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$47.44 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$38.31 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 45

Exchange rates

Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar -
3.628 (2017 est.)
3.0201 (2016 est.)
3.0201 (2015 est.)
2.72 (2014 est.)
2.1885 (2013 est.)

Energy

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2016)

Electricity - production

261.9 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16

Electricity - consumption

231.1 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18

Electricity - exports

1.442 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49

Electricity - imports

6.33 billion kWh (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 31

Electricity - installed generating capacity

78.5 million kW (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Electricity - from fossil fuels

53% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 199

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

33% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64

Electricity - from other renewable sources

14% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64

Crude oil - production

55,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 208

Crude oil - imports

521,500 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17

Crude oil - proved reserves

341.6 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51

Refined petroleum products - production

657,900 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27

Refined petroleum products - consumption

989,900 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21

Refined petroleum products - exports

141,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37

Refined petroleum products - imports

560,000 bbl/day (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16

Natural gas - production

368.1 million cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75

Natural gas - consumption

53.6 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Natural gas - exports

622.9 million cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42

Natural gas - imports

55.13 billion cu m (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 6

Natural gas - proved reserves

5.097 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

379.5 million Mt (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17

Communications

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 11,308,444
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 14 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 77,800,170
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 96 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21

Telephone system

general assessment: comprehensive telecommunications network undergoing rapid modernization and expansion, especially in mobile-cellular services; rise in subscribers and increase in bundled packages; DSL has largest share of fixed broadband technologies, but fibre-optic is growing with significant investment; 4G LTE networks well incorporated in Turkey, 87% coverage of the population; 5G trials (2018)
domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; fixed-line 14 per 100 and mobile-cellular teledensity is 96 telephones per 100 persons (2018)
international: country code - 90; international service is provided by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems

Broadcast media

Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) operates multiple TV and radio networks and stations; multiple privately owned national television stations and 567 private regional and local television stations; multi-channel cable TV subscriptions available; 1,007 private radio broadcast stations (2019)

Internet country code

.tr

Internet users

total: 46,838,412
percent of population: 58.3% (July 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 11,924,905
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 15 (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 15

Military and Security

Military expenditures

1.89% of GDP (2019 est.)
1.85% of GDP (2018)
1.52% of GDP (2017)
1.46% of GDP (2016)
1.39% of GDP (2015)
country comparison to the world: 58

Military and security forces

Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Turk Kara Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Forces (Turk Hava Kuvvetleri); Ministry of Interior: Gendarmerie of the Turkish Republic, Turkish Coast Guard Command (2019)

Military service age and obligation

President Erdoğan on 25 June 2019 signed a new law cutting the men’s mandatory military service period in half, as well as making paid military service permanent; with the new system, the period of conscription was reduced from 12 months to six months for private and non-commissioned soldiers (the service term for reserve officers chosen among university or college graduates will remain 12 months); after completing six months of service, if a conscripted soldier wants to and is suitable for extending his military service, he may do so for an additional six months in return for a monthly salary; under the new law, all male Turkish citizens over the age of 20 will be required to undergo a one month military training period, but they can obtain an exemption from the remaining five months of their mandatory service by paying 31,000 Turkish Liras

Military - note

The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has actively pursued the goal of asserting civilian control over the military since first taking power in 2002; the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) role in internal security has been significantly reduced; the TSK leadership continues to be an influential institution within Turkey, but plays a much smaller role in politics; the Turkish military remains focused on the threats emanating from the Syrian civil war, Russia's actions in Ukraine, and the PKK insurgency; primary domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (Kurdish discontent), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region in Iraq; an overhaul of the Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the "Force 2014" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing international peacekeeping responsibilities including in Afghanistan; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO, multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the Turkish Air Force adopted an "Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept" in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile defense system; in a controversial move, it recently (July 2019) purchased the Russian S-400 air defense system for an estimated $2.5 billion. Air Force priorities include attaining a modern deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and establishing a sustainable command and control system; Turkey is a NATO ally and hosts NATO's Land Forces Command in Izmir, as well as the AN/TPY-2 radar as part of NATO Missile Defense (2019)

Transportation

National air transport system

number of registered air carriers: 15 (2015)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 531 (2015)
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 96,604,665 (2015)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 2,882,162,000mt-km (2015)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

TC (2016)

Airports

98 (2013)
country comparison to the world: 58

Airports - with paved runways

total: 91 (2013)
over 3,047 m: 16 (2013)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 38 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 16 (2013)
under 914 m: 4 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

total: 7 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2013)
under 914 m: 2 (2013)

Heliports

20 (2013)

Pipelines

14,666 km gas, 3,293 km oil (2017)

Railways

total: 12,710 km (2018)
standard gauge: 11,497 km1.435-m gauge (1.435 km high speed train) (2018)
country comparison to the world: 21

Roadways

total: 67,333 km (2018)
paved: 24,082 km(includes 2,159 km of expressways) (2018)
unpaved: 43,251 km (2018)
country comparison to the world: 72

Waterways

1,200 km (2010)
country comparison to the world: 60

Merchant marine

total: 1,277
by type: bulk carrier 61, container ship 70, general cargo 305, oil tanker 139, other 702 (2018)
country comparison to the world: 22

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s): Aliaga, Ambarli, Diliskelesi, Eregli, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Mersin (Icel), Limani, Yarimca
container port(s) (TEUs): Ambarli (3,131,621), Mersin (Icel) (1,592,000) (2017)
LNG terminal(s) (import): Izmir Aliaga, Marmara Ereglisi

Terrorism

Terrorist groups - home based

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) networks in Turkey: aim(s): replace the Turkish Government with an Islamic state and implement ISIS's strict interpretation of sharia
area(s) of operation: moves fighters and supplies across the Turkey-Syria border; has periodically conducted attacks against civilian and government security targets (2018)
Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C): aim(s): install a Marxist-Leninist government in Turkey
area(s) of operation: membership centered in Turkey, leadership primarily spread throughout Europe; in recent years has revived its attacks against Turkish Government elements, primarily in Istanbul; outlawed in Turkey (2018)

Terrorist groups - foreign based

al-Nusrah Front: aim(s): overthrow Syrian President Bashar al-ASAD's regime, absorb like-minded Syrian rebel groups, and ultimately, establish a regional Islamic caliphate
area(s) of operation: some facilitation networks (2018)
al-Qa'ida (AQ): aim(s): radicalize the Turkish populace and eventually overthrow the Turkish Government as part of a long-term plan to establish a pan-Islamic caliphate under a strict Salafi Muslim interpretation of sharia
area(s) of operation: maintains facilitation networks (2018)
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK): aim(s): advance Kurdish autonomy, political, and cultural rights in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria
area(s) of operation: operational predominantly in the southeast; the group's primary targets include government, military, and security personnel and facilities; majority of members inside Turkey are Turkish Kurds, along with Kurds from Iran, Iraq, and Syria; the group is outlawed in Turkey (2018)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international

complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin): 3,691,333 (Syria), 170,000 (Afghanistan), 142,000 (Iraq), 39,000 (Iran), 5,700 (Somalia) (2019)
IDPs: 1.097 million (displaced from 1984-2005 because of fighting between the Kurdish PKK and Turkish military; most IDPs are Kurds from eastern and southeastern provinces; no information available on persons displaced by development projects) (2018)
stateless persons: 117 (2018)

Illicit drugs

key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and, to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax enforcement of money-laundering controls